1. IS482 Chapter 7
Mobile Commerce and Pervasive Computing

2. Mobile Commerce Mobile commerce (m-commerce,
m-business): Any e-commerce done in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet

3. Mobile Commerce Generations
1G: The first generation of wireless technology, which was analog based
2G: The second generation of digital wireless technology; accommodates mainly text
2.5G: Interim wireless technology that can accommodate limited graphics
3G: The third generation of digital wireless technology; supports rich media such as video clips
4G: The expected next generation of wireless technology

4. Mobile Commerce (cont.)
Short Message Service (SMS): Technology that allows for sending of short text messages on some cell phones
Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS): An extension of SMS capable of simple animation, tiny pictures, and short tunes
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS): The next generation of wireless messaging; will be able to deliver rich media

5. Twelve applications of m-commerce
Mobile financial applications (B2C, B2B)
Mobile advertising (B2C)
Mobile inventory management (B2C, B2B)
Proactive service management (B2C, B2B)
Product locating and shopping (B2C, B2B)
Wireless reengineering (B2C, B2B)
Mobile auction or reverse auction (B2C)
Mobile entertainment services (B2C)
Mobile office (B2C)
Mobile distance education (B2C)
Wireless data center (B2C, B2B)
Mobile music/music-on-demand (B2C)

6. Mobile Commerce: Attributes and Benefits
Specific attributes of m-commerce
Mobility
Broad reach
Benefits of value-added attributes
Ubiquity (everywhere, very common)
Convenience
Instant connectivity
Personalization
Localization of products and services

7. Drivers of M-Commerce Widespread availability of devices
No need for a PC
The handset culture
Vendors’ push
Improvement of bandwidth

8. M-Computing Infrastructure
M-commerce hardware
Cellular (mobile) phones
Attachable keyboard
PDAs
Interactive pagers
Screenphones
A telephone equipped with a color screen, possibly a keyboard, , and Internet capabilities
handhelds

9. M-Computing Infrastructure
Required infrastructure hardware
Suitably configured wireline or wireless WAN modem, wireless LAN adapter, or wireless MAN (metro-area network) adapter
A Web server with wireless support, a WAP gateway, a communications server, and/or a mobile communications server switch (MCSS)

10. M-Computing Infrastructure
An application or database server with application logic and a business application database providing
e-commerce functionality
A GPS(Global Positioning System) locator that is used to determine the location of the person carrying the mobile computing device

11. M-Computing Infrastructure
Software
Microbrowsers
Wireless software designed with limited bandwidth and limited memory requirements
Mobile-client operating system
Bluetooth
Chip technology that enables voice and data communications between many wireless devices through low-power, short-range, digital two-way radio frequencies
Mobile application user interface
Back-end legacy application software

12. M-Computing Infrastructure
Application middleware
Wireless middleware
Wireless Application Protocol
A set of communications protocols designed to enable different kinds of wireless devices to talk to a server installed on a mobile network so users can access the Internet

13. M-Computing Infrastructure
Wireless Markup Language
Scripting language used for creating content in the wireless Web environment; based on XML, minus unnecessary content to increase speed
Voice XML
An extension of XML designed to accommodate voice

14. M-Computing Infrastructure (cont.)

15. M-Computing Infrastructure
Wireless LAN (WLAN): LAN without the cables; used to transmit and receive data over the airwaves
Wireless access point: An antenna connecting a mobile device (laptop or PDA) to a wired LAN

16. M-Computing Infrastructure

17. M-Computing Infrastructure
Voice systems for m-commerce
Hand- and eyes-free operations
Disabled people can use voice commands
Voice terminals are designed for portability
Voice terminals are more rugged than keyboards
Communication is about two-and-a-half times faster talking than typing
Speaking results in fewer data entry errors

18. M-Computing Infrastructure
Interactive voice response (IVR): A computer voice system that enables users to request and receive information and to enter and change data through regular telephone lines or through 1G cell phones
Voice portal: A Web site with an audio interface that can be accessed through a telephone call

19. M-commerce Security Issues
Physical security
a stolen device can provide the thief with valuable data and digital credentials
Transactional issues
transactions are routed over a public network
Post-transaction issues
some method of proving that a particular transaction has occurred

20. Mobile Financial Applications
Mobile banking
A large percentage of banks offer mobile access to financial and account information
Surveys indicate there is strong latent demand for these offerings that is waiting for the technology and transmission speeds to improve

21. Mobile Financial Applications
Wireless electronic payment systems
Wireless payment systems transform mobile phones into secure, self-contained purchasing tools capable of instantly authorizing payments over the cellular network for goods and services

22. Mobile Financial Applications
Micropayments: Electronic payments for small-purchase amounts (generally less than $10)
Wide-ranging applications, such as making payments to parking garages, restaurants, grocery stores, and public utilities
Success depends on the costs of the transactions

23. Mobile Financial Applications
M-wallet (mobile wallet): A wireless wallet that enables cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their wireless device
Bill payments
A number of companies are now providing their customers with the option of paying their bills directly from a cell phone

24. Mobile Shopping Shopping from wireless devices
Wireless shoppers are supported by services similar to those available for wireline shoppers
Cell phone users also can participate in online auctions (eBay and Amazon.com)

25. Mobile Advertising Targeted advertising
Knowing the current location of mobile users (using GPS) and their preferences or surfing habits, marketers can send user-specific advertising messages

26. Mobile Consumer and Personal Service Applications
Hotels
Hotels now offer their guests in-room, high-speed Internet connections
A small number of hotels are testing the use of this technology for check-in and check-out, for making purchases from hotel vending machines and stores, for tracking loyalty points

27. Mobile Consumer and Personal Service Applications
Wireless telemedicine
The storage and forwarding of digital images from one location to another
Videoconferencing used for real-time consultation with a patient in one location and a medical specialist in another

28. Location-Based Commerce
Location-based commerce (L-commerce):
M-commerce transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations, at specific times
L-commerce offers:
Safety
Convenience
Productivity

29. Location-Based Commerce
L-commerce basic services revolve around five key areas:
Location
Navigation
Tracking
Mapping
Timing

30. Location-Based Commerce
Necessary location-based and network technologies:
Position-determining equipment (PDE)
Mobile positioning center (MPC)
Location-based technology
Geographic content
Location-specific content

31. Location-Based Commerce
Global positioning system (GPS): A wireless system that uses satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on the earth
GPS handsets can be:
stand-alone units
plugged into a mobile device or completely embedded in one

32. Location-Based Commerce
Geographical information system (GIS): System that integrates GSP data onto digitized map displays
Wireless 911 (e-911): Calls from cellular phones to providers of emergency services

33. Location-Based Commerce

34. Location-Based Commerce
Automatic crash notification (ACN): Device that automatically sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been involved in a crash
Telematics: The integration of computers and wireless communications to improve information flow using the principles of telemetry

35. Location-Based Commerce
Barriers to L-commerce
Accuracy
The cost-benefit justification
The bandwidth of GSM networks
Invasion of privacy

36. Pervasive Computing
Pervasive computing: Invisible, everywhere computing that is embedded in the objects around us
Also know as:
ubiquitous computing
embedded computing
augmented computing

37. Pervasive Computing Properties of pervasive computing
Invisible devices
Embedded microchips
Always on
Ubiquitous network
Life-enhancing applications
Consumer-centric solutions
Increasing productivity
Long-term vision

38. Pervasive Computing Technical foundation of pervasive computing
Everyday objects have to contain embedded microprocessors
A ubiquitous network is needed to connect these microprocessors
The microprocessors must be able to communicate with the ubiquitous network

39. Pervasive Computing: Applications
Smart homes—home automation systems support:
Lighting
Energy management
Water control
Home security and communications
Home theater

40. Pervasive Computing: Applications
Smart appliances
Internet-ready appliance that can be controlled by a small handheld device or desktop computer via a home intranet or the public Internet
Home Alliance (internethomealliance.com)

41. Pervasive Computing: Applications
A networked appliance could provide a manufacturer and the owner with information that could be used for:
Capturing or reporting on the operation, performance, and usage of a device
Diagnostic purposes—monitoring, troubleshooting, repairing, or maintaining the device

42. Pervasive Computing: Applications
Improving the performance or features of a device
Controlling and coordinating devices into a sequenced pattern of behavior
Profiling and behavior tracking of a device
Monitoring consumption
Tracking and optimizing the service support system

43. Pervasive Computing: Applications
Smart cars—increased use of automobile microprocessors
sophisticated engine controls to meet emissions and fuel-economy standards
advanced diagnostics; simplification of the manufacture and design of cars
reduction of the amount of wiring in cars
new safety features
new comfort and convenience features

44. Pervasive Computing: Applications
Growing trend is connecting car microprocessors to mobile networks for support services including:
Emergency assistance
Driving directions

45. Pervasive Computing: Applications
Services provided by OnStar (onstar.com) include:
Air Bag Deployment Notification
Voice-activated nationwide wireless calling service
Emergency services and roadside assistance
Route Support
Stolen Vehicle Tracking
Remote Door Unlock
Remote Diagnostics