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Marine Fish 4th block- Rivers
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3 categories of marine fish:
Jawless Fish Cartilaginous Fish Bony Fish
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Jawless Fish Lack jaws Feed by suction Cylindrical and long body
Lack fins and scales Skin used in leather goods Ex. eel
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Cartilaginous Fish Skeleton made of cartilage
Moveable jaws with well developed teeth Mouth underneath head Sandpaper like scales Ex. sharks, rays, skates, and ratfish
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Bony Fish 98% of fish Skeleton is made partially of bone
Thin, overlapping scales Operculum protects the gills
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Mouth located at end of body Teeth fused to jawbone
Continued………… Mouth located at end of body Teeth fused to jawbone Contain a swim bladder
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Sharks- Cartilaginous
Adapted for fast swimming Predators Called “living fossils” Changed little through time 5-7 gill slits on each side
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Most swim continuously Can “drown” if not moving
Continued……… Most swim continuously Can “drown” if not moving A few species, such as nurse sharks, can obtain O2 in gills without swimming
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Rows of numerous, sharp teeth Lost or broken teeth are replaced
Continued……….. Rows of numerous, sharp teeth Lost or broken teeth are replaced Name is usually descriptive of appearance
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Ex. Hammerhead- head shaped like a hammer
Continued……….. Ex. Hammerhead- head shaped like a hammer Ex. Saw shark- jaws faced like a saw Whale shark- largest (60 ft); filter feeders
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2nd largest shark- Basking shark (50 ft); filter feeders
Continued…………. 2nd largest shark- Basking shark (50 ft); filter feeders Most dangerous shark- Great white shark (20 ft) Prevalent in coastal waters
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Bull shark- freshwater species in tropics
Continued………… Mostly marine Bull shark- freshwater species in tropics Shark used for food, oil, and skin
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Shark cartilage may be a cure for cancer
Continued……….. Fins cut off and used in soup in Orient- animal dumped back in water to die Shark cartilage may be a cure for cancer
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Most are demersal- live on bottom
Rays and Skates species Flattened bodies Most are demersal- live on bottom Gill slits (always 5) on underside of body
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Pectoral fins flat and expanded; fused with head
Continued…………. Pectoral fins flat and expanded; fused with head Stingrays have a whip-like, stinging tail for defense Electric rays produce electricity up to 200 volts
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Gill slits covered by a flap Long rat-like tail
Ratfish Gill slits covered by a flap Long rat-like tail Feed on bottom dwelling animals
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Tiger Shark
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Bull Shark
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Black Tip Shark
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Leo Shark
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Lemon Shark
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Great White Shark
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Great White
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Hammerhead Shark
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Ray
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Skate
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Sting ray
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Rat Fish
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ICTHYOLOGY- the study of fish
Biology of Fish ICTHYOLOGY- the study of fish
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Shape related to lifestyle
Body Shape Shape related to lifestyle Ex. fast swimmers such as sharks have streamlined bodies; eels are long/thin because they live in narrow places Can be used to camouflage
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Ex. eels can sometimes resemble grass
Continued……… Ex. bottom dwellers have an irregular outline to resemble rocks or seaweed Ex. eels can sometimes resemble grass
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Coloration Colored pigments that allow for camouflage is from cells known as chromatophores. Sometimes they change colors only on the surface. Those cells are called iridophores.
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Cryptic- blend with environment to deceive predators
Types of coloration Warning- change color to warn another fish; mood, poisonous, taste bad, ready to mate Cryptic- blend with environment to deceive predators
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Disruptive-presence of stripes, bars, spots confuse predator
Continued……….. Disruptive-presence of stripes, bars, spots confuse predator Countershading – found in fish that swim the open ocean; fish is lighter on top and dark on bottom
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Fish swim to obtain food, mate, escape predators
Locomotion Fish swim to obtain food, mate, escape predators Side-to-side motions move body Myomere is banded muscle that makes up a large % of body mass mere is muscle banded on side of fish- makes up large % of body mass
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Sharks cannot swim backwards
Continued…………… Sharks lack swim bladder-combination of large pectoral fins and oil in liver Sharks cannot swim backwards
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Fish do have a swim bladder Fins allow great maneuverability
Continued………….. Fish do have a swim bladder Fins allow great maneuverability Can swim in all directions
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Sharks feed by a coupled action of the teeth and shaking of head
Feeding Sharks feed by a coupled action of the teeth and shaking of head 3 species of filter feeding sharks; whale shark, basking shark, and megamouth shark
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Most bony fish are carnivores-well developed teeth
Continued……….. Most bony fish are carnivores-well developed teeth Fish that feed primarily on plants- grazers A few species, such as herring, sardines, and anchovies are filter feeders.
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Pyloric caeca secretes digestive enzymes
Digestion Path of food after swallowing: pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, anus Pyloric caeca secretes digestive enzymes
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Liver secretes bile which breaks down fat Intestines absorb nutrients
Continued…………… Liver secretes bile which breaks down fat Intestines absorb nutrients
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Heart located below gills
Circulatory System Heart located below gills Blood pumped to gills where it receives oxygen Arteries carry oxygenated blood to body
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Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart to recycle
Continued…………. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart to recycle
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Oxygen diffuses across capillaries in gills to blood
Respiratory System Oxygen diffuses across capillaries in gills to blood Hemoglobin carries oxygen through body Myoglobin is a protein found in muscles to store oxygen.
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Consists of brain and spinal cord
Nervous System Consists of brain and spinal cord Nerves connect the CNS to other organs in body Highly developed sense of smell
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Unique organ called lateral line allows fish to detect vibrations
Continued…………. Unique organ called lateral line allows fish to detect vibrations
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Behavior- Territories
Establish territories for feeding, resting, and mating Will defend against intruders Fish like to “bluff” by raising fins, opening mouth, grinding teeth/bones, or darting
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Herring, sardines, and mackerels school all their lives
Behavior- Schooling Herring, sardines, and mackerels school all their lives Some school only part-time (feeding or reproduction) Most cartilaginous fish do not school
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Continued……………. Schools tend to be similar in size, keep constant distance, turn, start, stop, etc. in perfect unison
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Possible reasons for schooling
Protection Swimming efficiency Feeding Mating
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Mass movement from one place to another
Behavior-Migration Mass movement from one place to another Anadromous - spend life at sea and migrate to fresh water to breed; salmon Catadromous – spend life in freshwater and migrate to sea to breed; freshwater eel
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Bony fish and jawless fish have a separate opening- urogenital opening
Reproduction Separate sexes Cartilaginous fish have same opening for excretion and reproduction- cloaca Bony fish and jawless fish have a separate opening- urogenital opening
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Some hermaphroditic fish can also have a sex reversal
Continued……… Some fish are hermaphrodites but can mate with others as well; adaptation for deep sea fish Some hermaphroditic fish can also have a sex reversal
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Reproductive Behavior
Courtship- series of behaviors to attract a mate “dance”-posture change Color change Swimming upside down
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Most common method in bony fish is external fertilization
Reproduction Most common method in bony fish is external fertilization Most common method in cartilaginous fish is internal fertilization
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Male cartilaginous fish have claspers
Continued……… Male cartilaginous fish have claspers Bite mate on back to show interest Inserts claspers into cloaca
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Oviparous-develop outside body
Development Oviparous-develop outside body Ovoviviparous- egg develops inside female Viviparous- egg develops inside and mother nurses young
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