1. Organic Chem: Biochemistry

2. Biochemistry Study of chem of living organisms Most: large, complex molecules complex molecules: biopolymers  smaller, simpler units: monomers 4 main classes: 1.lipids 2.Proteins 3.Carbohydrates 4.nucleic acids 2

3. Lipids Fatty acids, fats, oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, some vitamins, steroids, and waxes 3

5. Structural part of cell membrane Long-term energy storage Insulation & shock absorbing

6. Carbohydrates: it’s all in the name! -ose: fructose, glucose, maltose, lactose, galactose, sucrose, etc.

7. An aldehyde sugar = aldose 6 C sugar = hexose What other functional groups do you see?

8. A ketone sugar = ketose 6 C sugar = hexose Structural isomer

9. Which atoms could be chiral? Reminder: 4 diff groups on a central C

10. Aldehyde double bond breaks and O atom transfers over H. O then can form 2 single bonds to hold the ring Intramolecular Reaction of Glucose to Form a Ring

12. Condensation Rxtn

13. Hydrolysis:

15. Proteins: the main molecule of living tissue

19. All 20 aa’s are chiral except for Glycine. Amino acids link together in condensation reactions to form polymers.

20. Zwitterion

21. Condensation rxtn Forms C to N peptide bond

23. 20 1 = 20 amino acids 20 2 = 400 dipeptides

24. 20 3 = 8000 tripeptide 20 100 = 1.3 x 10 130

25. Oligopeptide = short to medium-length aa chain (5 to100 aa’s) fuzzy borders Polypeptide = over 100 aa’s in the chain

26. thiol A thiol (same family as O) Can form disulfide bonds

30. Strong covalent bonds

32. Weak, but plentiful H bonds e.g. wool

33. Not as stretchy: e.g. silk

36. Proteins play many roles in cells: structural (e.g. collagen in connective tissue) movement (e.g. actin & myosin in muscles) transport (e.g. hemoglobin, LDL, HDL) catalysis (e.g. wide variety of enzymes) regulation (e.g. hormones such as insulin)

37. Nucleic acids: energy and genetics

38. BASE vs. NUCLEOSIDE (base + sugar) vs. NUCLEOTIDE (base + sugar + phosphate)

41. RNA’s base

42. DNA vs RNA structure

44. Composed of nucleotide monomers: A 5 C sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogenous bases:

49. Watson & Crick back in the 1950’s Modern genetic engineering Rosalind Franklin

50. DNA  RNA  proteins