1. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— ICRP And Protection of The Environment Dr Jack Valentin Scientific Secretary emeritus, ICRP The European Research Programme FASSET – ERICA - PROTECT The ICRP approach ICRP C5 Objectives Reference Animals and Plants Derived Consideration Levels What next

2. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The European Research Programme

3. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— EC 5th & 6th Framework Programme Projects FASSET, Framework for Assessment of Environmetal Impact, 2000 - 2003 ERICA, Environmental Risks from Ionising Contaminants – Assessment and Management, 2004 – 2007 PROTECT, Protection of the Environment from Ionising Radiation in a Regulatory Context, 2006 - 2008

4. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Objectives FASSET, to create an assessment framework ERICA, to create an integrated approach to environmental assessment and management, and, a software tool for assessment PROTECT, to assist in policy making and the derivation of environmental standards

5. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Why? Environmental protection internationally driven by actors outside the RP world Human protection at best an INDICATOR of env. prot Needs to be put in perspective – comparable endpoints, assessment tools, protection levels Needed by decision makers HELPS decsion-makers, informs prospective assessment of planned exposure situations and evaluation of existing exposure situations

6. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The Erica Tool a software programme that guides the user through the assessment process, keeps records and performs calculations; detailed help assists in making appropriate choices and inputs, as well as interpret the outputs; interacts with a number of databases and other functions that helps estimating media and biota activity concentrations, and dose rates to biota; interfaces with the FREDERICA radiation effects database.

7. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The ERICA Integrated Approach Purpose: to give appropriate weight to environmental exposure, effects and risks from ionising radiation Object of protection: the structure and function of ecosystems Application: Planned and existing exposure situations

8. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The Concept of Reference Organisms Hypothetical entities with defined characteristics of biological significance used for computation of exposure, dose, and effects

9. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— ERICA Ref. Organisms & ICRP RAPs FreshwaterMarineTerrestrial Amphibian (frog)(Wading) bird (duck)Amphibian (frog) Benthic fishBenthic fish (flat fish)Bird (duck) Bivalve molluscBird egg (duck egg) Bivalve molluscCrustacean (crab)Detritivorous invertebrate CrustaceanMacroalgae (brown seaweed)Flying insects (bee) GastropodMammalGastropod Insect larvaePelagic fishGrasses and herbs (wild grass) MammalPhytoplanktonLichen and bryophytes Pelagic fish (salmonid/trout)Polychaete wormMammal (rat, deer) PhytoplanktonReptile Vascular plantSea anemones/true coralsShrub ZooplanktonVascular plantSoil invertebrate (worm) (earthworm) ZooplanktonTree (pine tree)

10. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The 10 Habitats of The Integrated Approach

11. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Exposure And Dose Conversion Coefficients Small burrowing mammal exposed from planar source at soil surface ‘Animal’ with ‘liver’ and ‘testes’

12. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The FASSET Radiation Effects Database Extended to FREDERICA EcosystemNo. of datasetsNo. of references Terrestrial 19 983579 Limnic 6 067195 Marine 1 47045

13. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Using The ERICA Tool Problem formulation – stakeholder involvement No exposure route? Exit! No societal acceptance (discharge veto)? Exit! … Tier 1 – simple screening Sum of Risk Quotients <1? Exit! Tier 2 – assessment screening Negligible concern? Exit! Potential concern? Review! Concern? Go to tier 3! 1.Tier 3 – full assessment

14. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— All of This Can Be Yours For Free… see http://www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT / All reports from FASSET, ERICA and PROTECT The ERICA tool The FREDERICA radiations effects database Other material (links, tutorials….)

15. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The ICRP Approach

16. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— ICRP C5 (Since 2005): Environment Protection Aims to ensure that approaches are compatible with: RP approaches for man Environmental protection approaches for other hazardous agents

17. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Objective of The ICRP Approach Prevent, or reduce frequency of, deleterious radiation effects so that they have negligible impact on: Biological diversity Conservation of species Health and status of natural habitats and communities

18. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The ICRP P103 Position Builds on ICRP P91 Protection of man: An indicator of environmental protection Protection of man: not always relevant, depends on environment and exposure Reference Animals and Plants Background dose rate: a benchmark No dose limits, but advice on considerations

19. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Directions of C5 Work Develop a framework for assessment of radiation exposure and effects on biota For planned, emergency, and existing exposure situations To serve as a benchmark for international and national efforts Paralleling the framework for radiological protection of man

20. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs) As with man, necessary to examine relationships: Exposure – dose Dose – effect Effect – consequence Different types of animals and plants, typical of major environments An approach similar to that used for man: use Reference Animals and Plants

21. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Reference male and Reference female Male and female equivalent doses (H M T & H F T ) Reference person Effective dose (E) Dose limits, dose constraints, and reference levels Radionuclide intake and external exposure The Approach for Man

22. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Reference male and Reference female Male and female equivalent doses (H M T & H F T ) Reference person Effective dose (E) Dose limits, dose constraints, and reference levels Representative person Radionuclide intake and external exposure Planned, emergency, & existing exposure situations

23. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Reference Animals and Plants ‘Derived Consideration (Reference) Levels’ ‘Representative organisms’ Radionuclide intake and external exposure Planned, existing, & emergency exposure situations The Approach for Non-Human Species

24. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Definition of a RAP A hypothetical entity With assumed basic characteristics of a specific animal of plant, described to the taxonomic level of Family With precisely defined anatomical, physiological, and life-history properties To be used for relating exposure to dose, and dose to effect, for that type of organsm

25. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— The ICRP Set of RAPs WILDLIFE GROUPRAP Large terrestrial mammalsDeer Small terrestrial mammalsRat Aquatic birdsDuck AmphibiansFrog Freshwater pelagic fishTrout Marine fishFlatfish Terrestrial insectsBee Marine crustaceansCrab Terrestrial annelidsEarthworm Large terrestrial plantsPine tree Small terrestrial plantsWild grass SeaweedsBrown seaweed

26. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION ——————————————————————————————————————

27. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— For The Set of RAPs, Define & Describe: Exposure pathways Dosimetry Radiation effects Mortality Morbidity Reproductive problems Chromosome damage Numerical guidance: Starting point for considering management options for all exposure situations

28. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Provide Dose (Conversion) Coefficients mGy day -1 / Bq kg -1 All Reference Animals and Plants Some: Several different habitats 75 radionuclides External and internal exposure

29. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Derived Consideration Levels To estimate the level of concern A band of dose rate for a type of RAP, within which there is likely to be some chance of deleterious radiation effects Markers at which one should pause to consider known radiation effects data and other information Actual or theoretical data? Type of exposure situation Size of affected area Status of population Population fraction exposed Pertinent legal framework

30. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Recent Benchmark Values ERICA: Species sensitivity distributions on all data to yield a generic screening value 10 µGy h -1 ~0.25 mGy day -1 PROTECT: organism-specific SSD or deterministic assessments and an appropriate assessment factor to yield screening values ~0.05 mG day -1 for vertebrates ~1.5 mGy day -1 for plants ~5 mGy day -1 for invertebrates ICRP: Grouping of observed effects according to dose rate bands, assessment through expert judgement (including uncertainties and data shortage) to yield DCLs Bands 0.1-1; 1-10; and, 10-100 mGy day -1 for different organism groups DeerRatDuck FrogTroutFlatfish BeeCrab Earthworm Pine tree Grass Seaweed mGy/d Generic screening value Plant screening value Vertebrate screening value Invertebrate screening value Background level

31. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Commonalities, RP Man and RP Environment Reference Person Environmental radionuclide concentration(s) Reference Animals and Plants Dose limits, constraints, reference levels Decision-making regarding public health and environment for the same environmental situation Derived Consideration Reference Levels Planned, existing, and emergency exposure situations

32. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION —————————————————————————————————————— Thank you!