1. Meiosis

2. 0.5 mm Parent Bud (a) Hydra (b) Redwoods Figure 13.2
Figure 13.2 Asexual reproduction in two multicellular organisms.
(a) Hydra
(b) Redwoods

3. Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids
Figure 12.7a
G2 of Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Centrosomes (with centriole pairs)
Fragments of nuclear envelope
Chromatin (duplicated)
Early mitotic spindle
Aster
Nonkinetochore microtubules
Centromere
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Plasma membrane
Nucleolus
Kinetochore
Kinetochore microtubule
Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids
Nuclear envelope

4. Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis Metaphase plate
Figure 12.7b
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Metaphase plate
Cleavage furrow
Nucleolus forming
Figure 12.7 Exploring: Mitosis in an Animal Cell
Nuclear envelope forming
Spindle
Centrosome at one spindle pole
Daughter chromosomes

5. Figure 13.3a
Figure 13.3 Research Method: Preparing a Karyotype

6. Pair of homologous duplicated chromosomes
Figure 13.3b
5 m
Pair of homologous duplicated chromosomes
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Figure 13.3 Research Method: Preparing a Karyotype
Metaphase chromosome

7. Figure 13.3c
5 m
Figure 13.3 Research Method: Preparing a Karyotype

8. Maternal set of chromosomes (n  3)
Figure 13.4
Key
Key
Maternal set of chromosomes (n  3)
2n  6
Paternal set of chromosomes (n  3)
Sister chromatids of one duplicated chromosome
Centromere
Figure 13.4 Describing chromosomes.
Two nonsister chromatids in a homologous pair
Pair of homologous chromosomes (one from each set)

9. Diploid multicellular organism Mitosis
Figure 13.6a
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n) n
Gametes n n
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Zygote 2n 2n
Figure 13.6 Three types of sexual life cycles.
Diploid multicellular organism
Mitosis
(a) Animals

10. Haploid multi- cellular organism (gametophyte)
Figure 13.6b
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Haploid multi- cellular organism (gametophyte)
Mitosis n
Mitosis n n n n
Spores
Gametes
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Figure 13.6 Three types of sexual life cycles. 2n
Diploid multicellular organism (sporophyte) 2n
Zygote
Mitosis
(b) Plants and some algae

11. Haploid unicellular or multicellular organism
Figure 13.6c
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Haploid unicellular or multicellular organism
Mitosis n
Mitosis n n n n
Gametes
Figure 13.6 Three types of sexual life cycles.
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION 2n
Zygote
(c) Most fungi and some protists

12. Figure 13.6
Key
Haploid (n)
Haploid multi- cellular organism (gametophyte)
Haploid unicellular or multicellular organism
Diploid (2n) n
Gametes n n
Mitosis n
Mitosis
Mitosis n
Mitosis n n n n n
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Spores n n
Gametes n
Gametes
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Zygote
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION 2n 2n 2n
Diploid multicellular organism (sporophyte) 2n
Zygote
Diploid multicellular organism 2n
Figure 13.6 Three types of sexual life cycles.
Mitosis
Mitosis
Zygote
(a) Animals
(b) Plants and some algae
(c) Most fungi and some protists

13. Interphase Meiosis I Meiosis II
Figure
Interphase
Pair of homologous chromosomes in diploid parent cell
Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes duplicate
Sister chromatids
Diploid cell with duplicated chromosomes
Meiosis I 1
Homologous chromosomes separate
Figure 13.7 Overview of meiosis: how meiosis reduces chromosome number.
Haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes
Meiosis II 2
Sister chromatids separate
Haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes

14. Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Figure 13.8a
Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Centrosome (with centriole pair)
Sister chromatids remain attached
Sister chromatids
Chiasmata
Centromere (with kinetochore)
Spindle
Metaphase plate
Cleavage furrow
Homologous chromosomes separate
Homologous chromosomes
Fragments of nuclear envelope
Figure 13.8 Exploring: Meiosis in an Animal Cell
Microtubule attached to kinetochore
Each pair of homologous chromosomes separates.
Two haploid cells form; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.
Duplicated homologous chromosomes (red and blue) pair and exchange segments; 2n  6 in this example.
Chromosomes line up by homologous pairs.

15. Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Figure 13.8b
Telophase II and Cytokinesis
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing unduplicated chromosomes.
Sister chromatids separate
Haploid daughter cells forming
Figure 13.8 Exploring: Meiosis in an Animal Cell

16. Secondary spermatocytes Secondary oocyte
Figure 46.UN01
Human gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Primary spermatocyte
Primary oocyte 2n 2n n
Polar body
Secondary spermatocytes
Secondary oocyte n n n n n n n
Spermatids
Sperm n n n n
Figure 46.UN01 Summary figure, Concept 46.3 n
Polar body n
Fertilized egg

17. Chromosome duplication Chromosome duplication Duplicated chromosome
Figure 13.9a
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Parent cell
Chiasma
MEIOSIS I
Prophase
Prophase I
Chromosome duplication
Chromosome duplication
Duplicated chromosome
Homologous chromosome pair
2n  6
Metaphase
Metaphase I
Anaphase Telophase
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Figure 13.9 A comparison of mitosis and meiosis in diploid cells.
Daughter cells of meiosis I
Haploid n  3 2n 2n
MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells of mitosis n n n n
Daughter cells of meiosis II

18. Figure 13.9 A comparison of mitosis and meiosis in diploid cells.
Figure 13.9b
SUMMARY
Property
Mitosis
Meiosis
DNA replication
Number of divisions
Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
Number of daughter cells and genetic composition
Figure 13.9 A comparison of mitosis and meiosis in diploid cells.
Role in the animal body

19. Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I
Figure
Possibility 1
Possibility 2
Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I
Figure The independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.

20. Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I
Figure
Possibility 1
Possibility 2
Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I
Metaphase II
Figure The independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.

21. Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I
Figure
Possibility 1
Possibility 2
Two equally probable arrangements of chromosomes at metaphase I
Metaphase II
Figure The independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
Daughter cells
Combination 1
Combination 2
Combination 3
Combination 4

22. Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Figure
Prophase I of meiosis
Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Pair of homologs
Figure The results of crossing over during meiosis.

23. Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Figure
Prophase I of meiosis
Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Pair of homologs
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Figure The results of crossing over during meiosis.

24. Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Figure
Prophase I of meiosis
Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Pair of homologs
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Figure The results of crossing over during meiosis.

25. Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Figure
Prophase I of meiosis
Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Pair of homologs
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Figure The results of crossing over during meiosis.
Anaphase II

26. Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Figure
Prophase I of meiosis
Nonsister chromatids held together during synapsis
Pair of homologs
Chiasma
Centromere
TEM
Anaphase I
Figure The results of crossing over during meiosis.
Anaphase II
Daughter cells
Recombinant chromosomes