1. 1 The Santa Claus Problem (Maximizing the minimum load on unrelated machines) Nikhil Bansal (IBM) Maxim Sviridenko (IBM)

2. 2 The Santa Claus Problem m kids n toys [ n ¸ m] Kid i has value p ij (¸ 0) for toy j Toys distributed among kids Happiness of kid i = Sum of p ij of toys it gets (additive utilities) Goal: Maximize min i=1,…,m Happiness(i) (Given target T, ensure every kid has happiness ¸ T) Natural notion of fair allocation, proposed in game theoretic setting by [Lipton et al 04]

3. 3 Problem definition Scheduling Problem (unrelated machine scheduling) Kid (i) = Machine Toy (j) = Job p ij = processing time of job j on machine i. Goal: Maximize the minimum load (will use this terminology ) Restricted assignment case: Job has same size Can only be placed on subset of machines ( p ij 2 {p j,0} )

4. 4 Approximation Algorithms An efficient (polynomial time) algorithm that is comparable to optimum solution on every input I  approximation algorithm A 1) A(I) ·  Opt(I) for every instance I 2) A runs in time polynomial in size of I

5. 5 Previous work (Makespan minimization) Extensive work on minimizing makespan (max. load) (our problem is maximize min load) 2-approx for unrelated parallel machines (arbitrary p ij ) and restricted assignment [Lenstra Shmoys Tardos 90] Lots of work on various other special cases…

6. 6 Previous Work (max min problem) If n = m : Matching techniques (poly time) (n-m+1) approximation [Bezakova Dani 05] Can achieve Opt – p max [Bezakova Dani 05] (p max = max ij p ij bad approx if Opt ¼ p max ) (1-1/k) fraction of machines get ¸ Opt/k [Golovin 05] Restricted Assignment Setting: p ij 2 {p j, 0} Big/small good case (p j 2 {1,X} ) : O(n 1/2 ) [Golovin 05] No < 2 approx, unless P=NP (follows from LST 90)

7. 7 LP Formulation: 1 Assignment Formulation: x ij =1 if job j on machine i Max T  j p ij x ij ¸ T 8 i 2 Machines (machine load >= T)  i x ij · 1 8 j 2 Jobs (a job used at most once) Valid Integer programming formulation (x ij 2 {0,1}) LP relaxation useless: Infinite Gap m machines, 1 job of size x (on all machines) LP: x/m IP = 0 Big jobs trick LP.

8. 8 Job Truncation Idea (Lenstra, Shmoys, Tardos) In schedule w/ value T, can truncate sizes to T p’ ij = min(p ij,T)  j p’ ij x ij ¸ T 8 machines i  i x ij · 1 8 jobs j Good News: T – p max [Bezakova Dani 05] p max = max job size T Find largest T for which LP is feasible

9. 9 Job Truncation for max min ? Bad news:  (m) gap (even for restricted assignment case) Instance: m small jobs, numbered 1,2,…,m Job i : size 1 on machine i, and size 0 elsewhere m-1 bigs jobs (size m on every machine) m=3 12 123 M1 LP: m IP: 1 M2M3 Small jobs Big jobs

10. 10 Configuration LP Target solution value T. Set of jobs S is valid configuration for machine i, if size of S on i is ¸ T Let C(i) = all valid sets for i Variable for each valid configuration S for machine i 1 config. per machine Job used · once

11. 11 Exponentially many variables Separation oracle for dual : knapsack problem. 1/21/4 0.40.6 Each machine assigned 1 unit of configurations Each job has at most 1 unit of appearances T View of Configuration LP solution Width = amount of configuration

12. 12 Our Results 1) O( log log m / log log log m) approximation for restricted assignment case (p ij 2 {p j,0} ) (previous best n-m+1, LST LP has  (m) gap)  ( m 1/2 ),  (n 1/2 ) integrality gap for configuration LP when p ij arbitrary

13. 13 This Talk Restricted Assignment case: 1) Describe O(log n / log log n) approx (randomized rounding) 2) Improvement to

14. 14 Restricted Assignment: Basic Problem Opt – p max known: Hard case when p max ¼ Opt Assume jobs of size Opt (big) or 1 (small) One big job suffices to load a machine. Basic Problem: Match big jobs to machines s.t. remaining machines can be loaded with small jobs. 12 3 4 Pink on 1Green on 4Good !

15. 15 Restricted Assignment: Basic Problem Opt – p max known: Hard case when p max ¼ Opt Assume jobs of size Opt (big) or 1 (small) One big job suffices to load a machine. Basic Problem: Match big jobs to machines s.t. remaining machines can be loaded with small jobs. 12 3 4 Pink on 2Green on 4 Bad !

16. 16 Main Idea of Proof Transform LP solution to more structured one (only O(1) loss). (Pseudo) Rounding Procedure: Match big jobs to machines, and place smalls on remaining machines 1) Load on each machine Opt 2) Small jobs used up to  times. Easy but key Fact: Place smalls s.t. each machine has load  Opt/  ) How small can we make  ??

17. 17 Structural Lemma Machines Big Jobs

18. 18 Structural Lemma 1) |J i | = |M i | -1. 2) J i can be placed on any |M i |-1 machines in M i. M1M1 M3M3 M2M2 J1J1 J2J2 J3J3 Machines Big Jobs

19. 19 Proof Sketch: Structural Lemma machines Big jobs 0.3 0.5 Remove cycles, Tree with leaves as machines

20. 20 Reduced Problem In each group choose 1 machine to place smalls (bigs handled automatically) For each group: We have one unit of small configurations distributed among the machines. M1M1.4.3.2.5.3.1.5.4 J1J1

21. 21 Reduced Problem Randomized rounding: View these as probabilities. Choose a machine (to place smalls) at random for each group. Fractional congestion: O(1) Chernoff Bounds: Worst case congestion O(log n / log log n) M1M1.4.3.2.5.3.1.5.4 J1J1

22. 22 Congestion with Outliers Do not care about worst case congestion. Suppose throw away 50% small jobs from each machine, and get low congestion on remaining jobs. Congestion with outliers problem We show: Can throw away small fraction from each machine, and get congestion

23. 23 First attempts Randomized Rounding with alterations: Job occurs O(1) times in expectation. Throw away high frequency jobs Problem: Correlation! Power of many choices: Choose O(1) sets at random instead of 1, and then pick best. Does not work either…

24. 24 Our Approach Reduce Congestion with outliers to worst case congestion minimization on small sets. Random restriction of small jobs s.t. each set has ¼ polylog m jobs Find low worst case congestion solution on this instance. Key result: Whp, solution with low congestion on restricted instance is also low congestion with outliers on original instance.

25. 25 Small sets have low worst case congestion Theorem [Leighton Lu Rao Srinivasan 01]: If sets of size k can get O(log k / log log k) congestion. Non-trivial: Repeated application of Lovasz Local Lemma In our setting k = polylog (m), gives approximation

26. 26 Concluding Remarks Huge gaps remain in our understanding. Arbitrary p ij : O(n) approx, vs. hardness factor of 2 Can we use the  (n 1/2 ) integrality gap instance to show better hardness? For restricted assignment, is the right answer O(1) ? Suffices to prove congestion with outliers property.

27. 27 Questions ?

28. 28 Attempt 1 For each C i, choose sets at random, Throw away elements with high congestion (hopefully not too many) Bad when sets correlated Either S il = S i’l’ or S il Å S i’l’ = ; If one element congested, Whole set congested. Whp congestion  log m / log log m )

29. 29 Correlated Sets Independent sets : Random works well Correlated sets: Other techniques Need to be more subtle. Either S il = S i’l’ or S il Å S i’l’ = ; Fractional Matching Between Sets & super-machines Can find perfect maching Congestion = 1 !!

30. 30 Fact (Leighton et al 2001) If each set has cardinality polylog m, then can find a choice of sets s.t. congestion = O( log log m / log log log m) [Constructive version of Lovasz Local Lemma] (intuitively, low dependence between sets) In our case: Sets have big cardinality, but allow throwing elements out.

31. 31 Bad choices Call a choice of sets bad, if no matter how you delete upto 50% elements, congestion ¸ c log log m / log log log m. Main Result: Good choice always exists and can be found in poly time. Given a good choice of sets, the elements to throw can be found via a max flow problem. (proof skipped)

32. 32 Algorithm Take a random sample of elements. Consider restriction of sets of these elements Each set has about poly log m jobs. Choose sets with O(log log m/ log log log m) congestion (Leighton et al) Theorem: The same choice of sets works for original set system. Proof: For every bad choice of sets in original system => high congestion in sampled system. Naïve counting does not work. Exponentially many choices of sets. Notion of core of a bad choice function. VC-dimension type arguments.

33. 33 Configuration LP is strong ! Example: m-1 bigs jobs (size m on every machine) m small jobs, call then 1,2,…,m Small Job i has size 1 on machine i and 0 elsewhere. IP Opt =1 Configuration LP infeasible for T > 1. Feasible configuration for any machine i (has to contain a big) Infeasible: m machines but only m-1 big jobs. bb s

34. 34 Robustness of Small Jobs Recall: Assignment LP gives T – p max Suppose p max < T/10 (integral solution: T – T/10) Suppose x ij only satisfy a relaxed inequality  j p ij x ij ¸ T 8 machines i  i x ij · 1 8 jobs j  j p ij x ij ¸ T  i x ij · 3 Can still round it to T/3 - p max

35. 35 Big jobs are not robust 3 machines. 1 job of size T. Opt = 0 Relaxed LP has value T. (big jobs are delicate) We will transform LP solution (get more structure) s.t. Small jobs can occur upto O(1) times. After Rounding: Match big jobs to machines, and smalls on remaining machines 1) Load on each machine T 2) Small used up to  times.

36. 36 An easy case Suppose big jobs occupy < 3/4 of any machine. Great! Hard case: If 1- o(1) machine used by bigs, very little by smalls..01.33 1/21/4 1/21/4

37. 37 Structural Lemma 100 machines form this group. 99 Big jobs (can be placed “anywhere” on these) One unit of small configurations..01.33.01.33.01.33

38. 38 Can ignore bigs.01.33.01.33.01.33 Super-machine Choose one “configuration” from each super-machine