1. Macromolecules

2. Atom Molecule Elements Compound Cell Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties Substance made of only one type of atom Bond between atoms of 1 or more element Chemical combination of 2 or more elements "Building blocks" of a living organisms Drag the definition and the word to the proper location of the pyramid. PULL for I nstructions CHECK ANSWERS

3. Atom Molecule Elements Compound Cell Smallest unit of matter/retain chemical properties Substance made of only one type of atom Bond between atoms of 1 or more element Chemical combination of 2 or more elements "Building blocks" of a living organisms Drag the definition and the word to the proper location of the pyramid. PULL for I nstructions

4. Biochemistry (Organic Chemistry) Study of compounds that contain: Carbon A lthough Carbon is important, organic molecules must also contain Hydrogen and Oxygen!

5. Why Carbon for Biochem? Carbon has 4 outer (valence) electrons Makes it possible to bond with many other elements & to other C atoms = Long Chains Forms many large molecules in living cells (macromolecules)

6. Types of Macromolecules There are 4 macromolecules or organic compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

7. Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process called polymerization - when monomers join to form polymers. Monomers - small molecule units (building blocks). Monomers can be identical or different. Polymers - larger molecules made of monomers. This slide is 4 slides back in your packet!

8. a. Condensation Reactions aka: Dehydration synthesis - Process of small monomers bonding together to make a larger molecule. - Each monomer loses either a –H or –OH group in order to bond. - As a result, for each bond 1 water molecule is formed. A + B = C + H 2 O

10. b. Hydrolysis Reactions Hydro = water lysis = to break - Refers to the breaking apart of a polymer. - Occurs during the digestion of food molecules! C + H 2 O = A + B

12. Carbohydrates Elements Present: C,H,& O – in a 1:2:1 ratio Functions: Carbohydrates are living things main source of ENERGY. Some are also used for structural purposes.

13. Carbohydrates The monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars) All monosaccharides have a ring structure. Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of monosaccharides -All monosaccharides have the chemical formula of C6H12O6. They are called isomers - they have the same chemical formula, but their structures are each different

14. Carbohydrates Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides bonded together (double sugar) Examples: sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose, lactose (milk sugar) = glucose +galactose maltose =glucose + glucose

15. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides - long chains of sugars (complex sugar) Examples: glycogen – stores excess energy in animals starch – stores excess energy in plants cellulose – makes up plant cell walls (for structure)

16. Draw and label a carbohydrate carbon-hydrogen-oxygen 1:2:1 plants (autotrophs) primary source of energy monosaccharides polysaccharides simple sugar long chains of monosaccharides Glucose Fructose(fruit) Galactose(milk) ring shaped table sugar STARCH--potato, pasta, bread, cereal CELLULOSE--plant cell wall Move term to proper location PULL HERE

17. Lipids Elements Present: mostly C & H w/some O Functions: Part of cell membranes Serve as chemical messengers (steroids) Long term energy source warmth waterproof coverings

18. Lipids Building Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring patterns Hydrocarbon tail + carboxylic acid = Fatty Acid

19. Lipids Building Blocks: There are no set monomers in lipids, but there are some reoccurring patterns 3 Fatty Acids + one glycerol = a triglyceride

20. Lipids There are 3 types of fatty acids: saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated

21. Lipids S aturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain They tend to be solid at room temperature: butter, lard, coconut oil*, peanut butter, mayonnaise, margarine Mmmm.... butter!!!!

22. Lipids Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in their hydrocarbon tail. They tend to be liquid at room temp. Monounsaturated only have one double bond - olive oil Polyunsaturated have two or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail - corn oil, canola oil, sesame oil, and peanut oil

23. 6. Cholesterol a. Soft waxy substance found in your bloodstream with lipids. b.Used to form cell membranes, some hormones, and is needed for other cell functions. c.Lipoproteins 1.Transport cholesterol to & from cells. a. LDL (Low-Density-Lipoprotein) “Bad Cholesterol” 1. Carries cholesterol in the blood. Too much can form plaque in arteries. b. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) “Good Cholesterol” 1. Takes cholesterol out of blood and back to liver.

24. 7. TransFats (Hydrogenated Oils) a. Made by “hydrogenating” oils to make them solid. b. Hydrogenating means “adding hydrogen.” c. When consumed, increases your LDL concentration.

25. Draw and label a lipid energy storage insoluble in water hormones and cell membranes saturated OR unsaturated carbon-hydrogen-oxygen fats, oils waxes glycerol and fatty acid E shaped steroids Move term to proper location PULL HERE

26. Proteins Elements Present: C, H, O & N & a bit of S Functions & Examples: Control rate of reactions (enzymes) Help fight disease (anti- bodies) Form bones & muscles (actin & myosin) Regulate cell metabolism (insulin) Transport O2 in blood (hemoglobin)

27. Proteins Building Blocks: Amino Acids are the monomers that go together to make a protein polymer AA's are bonded by peptide bonds Amino acids have these parts: -amino group -carboxyl group -a H atom -an R group There are 20 naturally occurring AA’s - each has a different R group (aka variant group)

28. Draw and label a protein amino acids body to function properly enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen muscle, hair cartilage, nails, meat we eat amino group carboxyl group r group Move term to proper location PULL HERE

29. Nucleic Acids Elements Present: C, H, O, N & P Functions: -Control cell activities (give cell instructions on how to make proteins) -Carry genetic info. Examples: DNA & RNA

30. Nucleic Acids Building Blocks: Nucleotides are the monomers that go to build the polymers of Nucleic acids Nucleotides consist of a nitrogen base, a sugar & a phosphate

31. Draw and label a nucleic acid carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phophorus sugar phosphate N-base DNA make proteins nucleotides RNA store genetic information Move term to proper location PULL HERE

32. Drag the word into the proper area

33. Drag the words in order to group them as a lipid or a nucleic acid