1. MARINE LIFE
START HERE FOR EXAM V

2. Environmental Zones Fig. 12.21 p 363
Epipalagic Zone - plankton - jelly fish -
Bathyoalagic - fish with bioluminescent organs
Nekton - most fish - mammals
Intertidal Zone - cyanobacteria - crustations - mollusk - flat fish
Hadal - bacteria

3. Animals along the shore
Rocky shore Fig 15.2 p
Inter-tidal zonation
Plants Fig p 449 (book)
Tide pool
Soft sediment Fig 15.8 p 445

4. Life in the ocean Living conditions in the open ocean
Three dimensional world
Largest space for life on Earth
Oceanic life styles (three)
Drifting (planktonic or pelagic)
Swimming (nektonic)
Attached (benthic)

5. Sea water density (1. 025 g/cc) greater than air (0
Sea water density (1.025 g/cc) greater than air (0.0012) therefore able to support the plants/animals, so heavy skeleton is not needed
Distributions controlled by ocean conditions
Most marine organisms are cold blooded – warm water increases metabolism, cold water decreases metabolism

6. Effect of sinking
drag - resistance to sinking (your hand out of the car window)
density of organism
body morphology - appendages
Fig 12.9 p 355
a. warm water b. cold water
fat in tissues
warm water less dense, thus more appendages

7. Defensive strategies small size - include bacteria
transparency - difficult for predators to see
schooling - safety in numbers - confuse predators
vertical migration - stay in darker water at day, and move to top at night to feed - some may migrate several hundred meters daily

8. Defensive strategies cont.
color - blue on top - red further down (red light is absorbed by water) - gray or black in deepest oceans
counter shading - darker on top, lighter on bottom Fig p 378 (book)
change size by adding water - makes organism look bigger than it is (puffer fish)
spines - harder to swallow (rock fish)
See next slides

11. Camauflage

12. Camauflage

13. Pigment cells, camouflage

14. PLANKTONIC LIFE
Phytoplankton

15. Food source for most marine organisms Fig 12.3 p 350
Classified by size
nannooplankton - < 50 micrometers coastal- and open- equatorial waters
bacterioplankton (ultraplankton) < mm in diameter

16. microphytoplankton 0.07 - 1 mm
macroplankton (large floating organisms) - large standing crop at higher latitudes

17. Diatoms Fig p 356 (book)
diatoms -> smaller with each split of shells - eventually so small that it looses shells and grows to larger size then divide to -> two daughter cells

18. Rock Snot Invasive algae
Didymosphenia geminata
River bed covered by Didymo

20. Dinoflagellates - second in abundance after diatoms Fig 13
Dinoflagellates - second in abundance after diatoms Fig 13.9 c, d p 381(book)
nutrients in low concentrations taken up by molecular diffusion
favors microscopic organisms
have a flagellum

21. Dinoflagellates

22. Nannoplankton and bacteria
widespread in open ocean
dominant producers in open ocean 90% of standing crop
coccolithophores Fig 4.8 a p 109 & Fig 13.9 b p 381 (book)
silicoflagellates p 115
Using the next slide find the names of the organisms from Fig 4.8

23. Coccolithophores & silicoflagellates

24. Box 13.1 p 382- 383 Read this Red tides - dinoflagellates
caused by Gonyaulax
plankton blooms that discolor water
often concentrated by physical processes - water run off - fertilizers - top of water column gets more sun - cyanobacteria thrive

25. Fig 13B

26. Red Tide

27. PLANKTONIC LIFE
ZOOPLANKTON

28. ZOOPLANKTON
Fig p 350
Feed on phytoplankton, usually by filter-feeding
Few can swim and pursue prey
Narrow temperature range (few degrees)
Many are larval forms of benthic organisms

29. ZOOPLANKTON

30. Three types of zooplankton
1. Holoplankton
2. Meroplankton
3. Gelatinous plankton

31. 1. Holoplankton entire life as plankton - dominate in the open ocean
Foraminifera live nearly everywhere in the ocean - porous CaCO3 shells Fig 4.8 c, & d p 109 Fig 14.4 p 407 (book)
Radiolaria entirely pelagic - siliceous skeletons Fig 4.8 d p 109 Fig 14.3 d p 407

32. ZOOPLANKTON Crustaeca - most numerous - 70+% of all zooplankton
copepods occur throughout the ocean - among numerous marine herbivores Fig 14.5 a with egg sacs, b mating, d appendages to cling to rocks or other larger zooplankton p 408

33. euphausiids (krill) shrimp like large fishes and whales eat krill - krill eat diatoms Fig 14.6 p 409

34. Crustaeca cont.
pteropods small - pelagic snails - swim vertically (migrate) hundreds of meters daily without shells (carnivorous),
with shells (herbivores) (carbonate shells - form pteropode ooze)

35. 2. Meroplankton
larval forms of (bottom dwelling) benthic animals -Abundant in coastal waters
80% of shallow-water benthic organisms in the tropics have planktonic larvae

36. Meroplankton cont.
Eggs and sperm of benthic animals are discharged to be fertilized in the water
Maturing larvae must find suitable bottom material on which to settle and grow

37. Meroplankton cont.
Success of the young fish in a particular year class is affected by environmental factors: 1) temp, 2) currents, 3) nutrition, and 4) perdition
eggs: days--> larvae: weeks--> juveniles: months--> adult (sexual maturity 4 yrs)

38. 3. Gelatinous plankton
nearly transparent organisms - trailing tentacles
Siphonophores Portuguese man-of-war - colonies of individuals that live together and function as one animal - nematocysts - threadlike poisonous stingers that can penetrate human skin Fig p 409 (book)

39. Can jellyfish mix the ocean?

40. Gelatinous plankton cont.
Ctenophores Sea walnuts or comb jellies

41. Gelatinous plankton cont
Tunicates - barrel-shaped animals Fig 12.3 j p 350

42. Feeding strategies
Herbivores - dominate near the surface – feed on phytoplankton
Carnivores - mid-depths - feed on herbivores - vertically migrating organisms
Omnivores - dominate the deeper parts of the ocean - eat anything that sinks out of the surface zone

43. Reproductive strategies
dependent upon resources and population
two strategies: opportunistic and nurturing

44. Opportunistic common among planktonic organisms
depends upon abundant resources - food energy goes into producing gametes
can live in a hazardous environment - food for adults and other animals

45. Opportunistic cont. mature early produce many eggs or small forms
short life span
do not care for their young

46. Nurturing common among larger animals
resource limited - food energy goes into growth and development
produce few offspring
long-lived
care for their young

47. Open-ocean biological provinces
Controlled by surface currents
Each province supports distinct group of organisms
Phytoplankton widespread - but patchiness due to physical properties (remember the Baring Sea)

48. Open-ocean biological provinces cont.
Zooplankton more restricted distributions temperature dependent
Physical properties
Langmuir cells
Western boundary currents with their rings
Up welling

49. Environmental Zones Fig. 12.21 Table 15.1 p 455
Benthic - most species and found at all depths Chapter 15 Fig p 438
Rocky shore zonation (epifauna) algae, crabs
Vertical and intertidal zonation Fig 15.2 a p 440
Supraliteral zone (splash zone)
Littoral zone (between high and low tide)
Sublittoral zone (always under water)
Grazers, herbivores, ditritus feeders, filter feeders, predators
Soft sediment zone (infauna)
Soft sediment benthos

50. Snail and anemone (Symbiosis)

51. Soft sediment zones
Fig p445

52. Soft sediment benthos sea whip and a crinoid

53. Environmental zones cont.
Epipalagic Zone - plankton - jelly fish Fig 14.7 p 408 (book)
Nekton - most fish - mammals Fig 12.5 p 352
Check out p 365 Some good stuff here

54. Bathypalagic - fish with bioluminescent organs (see figures in the book, read this)
Deep sea floor
Remember what the sea floor looks like Fig

56. Environmental Zones cont.
Littoral (intertidal) - cyanobacteria - crustations - mollusk - flat fish
Neritic - associated with continental shelf
high species diversity
influenced by tides, waves, temperature, and salinity
Mesoplagic - rapid decrease in oxygen, increase in nutrients, animals with eyes and bioluminescence

57. Environmental Zones cont
Abyssoplagic - increased O2 and increased nutrients
Hadal - deep trenches, bacteria

58. Coral reef Complex with interdependent species Fig. 15.19 p 454
Very slow growing
Destroyed by bottom trawl fishing as well as crown of thorn star fish p 455

59. Coral-algal reef
The individual coral polyp is a hollow, cylindrical animal (1).
The mouth is surrounded by tentacles armed with stinging cells for capturing plankton. During the day these tentacles are folded in the digestive sac (2).
Microscopic single-celled algae that give the coral its green, blue or brown colour are located in the tissue of the living coral (3).
These symbiotic algae process the wastes produced by the polyps. They use the nitrates, phosphates and carbon dioxide produced in the polyp. Through photosynthesis they generate oxygen and organic compounds which the polyps themselves can use.
They may also help the polyp lay down calcium carbonate.
In addition to their role as primary producers, the other algae coating much of the reef's surfaces also produce substantial amounts of calcium carbonate.
Algae are so important to reef life that it has been suggested that "coral-algal reefs” is a more accurate term than coral reefs. Fig p 453
From the web. Type in coral and symbiotic algae.

60. You are expected to understand this graphic
animal (1).

61. Coral reef zonation Fig. 15.19 p 454
Horizontal and vertical zonation
differing environmental conditions
Wave action and water depth
Circulation of O2, and waste disposal

62. Coral reef distribution and diversity
Warm water coral Fig p 451
Cold water coral
Live at depths as deep as 2000 m
No light
Temperatures as cold as 4o C

63. Cold water coral

64. Cold water coral

65. Healthy coral

66. Unhealthy coral reef

67. Nemo says “that‘s all Folks”