1. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 10 Deaf and Hard of Hearing Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference Seventh Edition

2. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter Objectives List and explain the major causes of hearing loss. Discuss why universal hearing screening of newborns is so important to the outcomes of deaf children. Explain the variables that must be considered when planning instruction for students with hearing problems. Discuss the concept of Deaf culture, list examples or signs of Deaf culture, and describe its importance to the Deaf. List the major types of assistive technology specifically designed for people with hearing problems, and provide examples of each.

3. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Historical Context Debates about the better methods of communication (manual or oral) originated in the 1880s between Edward Gallaudet and Alexander Graham Bell. The battery-operated hearing aid was developed after World War II. The behind-the-ear hearing aid was developed after the transistor was created in the 1950s. A brief history 1500s: Pedro Ponce de Leon, a Spanish monk, is the first teacher of students who are deaf. 1817: The first school for the deaf in the U.S. opens. 1864: Gallaudet University is founded. 1993: Closed-caption decoders become required components of all television sets sold in the U.S.

4. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Deafness and Hard of Hearing Defined People who are deaf: Have profound hearing loss. Have little use of hearing, even with a hearing aid. Can be divided into three groups: Congenitally deaf. Prelingually deaf. Postlingually deaf. People who are hard of hearing: Have hearing losses that impair their understanding of sounds and communication.

5. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 The Process of Hearing The outer ear catches sound waves. The middle ear turns waves into vibrations. The inner ear produces electrochemical signals that are sent through nerve cells along the auditory nerve. The brain then perceives signals and makes them meaningful.

6. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Types of Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss Sound waves cannot travel to the inner ear. Sensorineural Hearing Loss This type of loss is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.

7. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Degree of Hearing Loss Mild: 21−40 dB Moderate: 41−55 db Moderately Severe: 56−70 db Severe: 71−90 dB Profound: 91+ dB

8. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Age of Onset Prelingually deaf People who become deaf before they learn to speak and understand language People born deaf or who lose hearing as infant Postlingually deaf People who experience hearing loss after learning to speak and understand language Often able to retain abilities to use speech and communicate orally Can often profit from cochlear implants

9. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Characteristics The only commonality of people who are deaf or hearing impaired is that hearing is limited. IDEA ‘04 stresses severity of hearing loss, communication needs, and any co-existing disabilities. A distinction is made between Deaf and deaf.

10. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Characteristics Deaf (capital D) Members of a part of a community Considered to be a minority group by its members, not disabled Use ASL as the primary language Do not use oral language deaf: 83% of deaf children are born of hearing parents. These people use oral communication at times.

11. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Prevalence Hearing loss in children is the number-one birth defect in the U.S. It affects 14% of all students. Statistics about special education students with hearing loss are unreliable due to different criteria between states. Over half of all adults over the age of 70 have hearing problems.

12. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Causes and Prevention Known causes (most unknown) Heredity and genetics Meningitis Otitis media Noise Prevention Noise abatement Immunizations

13. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Overcoming Challenges: Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants Hearing Aids Amplify sounds Two different types of hearing aids Analog Make all sounds louder—background and speech Digital Automatically adjust volume by amplifying sounds only to the degree necessary Cochlear Implants Surgically implanted with four parts Microphone, speech processor, transmitter, electrode array

14. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Assessment Two qualities of sound are measured in the assessment process: Frequency Intensity Early Identification: Universal Newborn Hearing Screening 95% percent of children are identified at birth due to universal screening. Pre-Referral: Hearing Screenings Students with mild to moderate hearing loss are often overlooked.

15. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Identification: Auditory Assessments Most children’s hearing is assessed by the air conduction audiometry method. Earphones are placed over the ears and the child raises hand when he or she hears the sound. Bone conduction audiometry method Uses a vibrator placed on the forehead to bypass the outer and middle ear Goes directly to the inner ear State- and District-wide Assessments Require some accommodations specified in IEP

16. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Early Intervention Early identification is crucial. Newborn hearing is screened in 41 states. Early intervention allows children to be fitted with hearing aids early in life. Intervention before six months results in better reading achievement and speech abilities. Preschool programs facilitate timely language development. Early intervention helps families meet special needs.

17. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Teaching Students with Hearing Loss Access to the General Education Curriculum Interpretation of LRE for the Deaf community is different than for many advocates and parents of students with intellectual disabilities. Many believe that the general education environment with an interpreter can be too restrictive. Deaf advocates believe that Deaf students should learn Deaf culture. Many advocate for residential schools. Instructional Accommodations Modification of delivery of instruction

18. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Teaching Students with Hearing Loss Hard-of-hearing students usually find that proper amplification allows them to benefit from typical classroom instruction with some accommodations. Accommodations Teacher’s communications Additional teacher assistance Assistance from classmates Education approaches for Deaf students Oral only Manual communication only Total communication Cued speech Bilingual-bicultural approach

19. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Technology Assistive Listening Devices Hearing aids Cochlear implants FM (frequency-modulated) transmission devices Telecommunication Devices Captions Open captions Closed captions Rear window captioning Text telephone Speech-to-Text Translations Real-time captioning Alerting Devices Used for security or safety

20. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Transition School-to-work programs are to improve adult outcomes. Obtain equitable employment Earn a fair wage Increase job satisfaction High rate of success for Gallaudet graduates

21. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Collaboration Teachers and educational interpreters need to work as teams. A close relationship is needed between the teacher and related service providers. Planning and organization Setting up standard meeting times Storage and working space designated for the interpreter Classroom organization and management The interpreter and the student must see the teacher. Placement should not be distracting to other students. There should be no glare or visual obstruction Courtesy and Social Convention should be considered. Everyone talks to student and uses eye contact. The interpreter is not a tutor.

22. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Families The most important point is acceptance and inclusion by families. Social services need to respond quickly to families for early intervention services soon after an early diagnosis. Families experience stress with the adjustments they have to make, but develop coping strategies fairly quickly.

23. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 What types of technology are available to assist deaf people? What advances might the future hold? Challenge Questions