1. Review Time!!!!
Unit 2

2. Name several ways geography affected Greece
Mountains – kept them isolated into independent city states; made travel and transportation difficult
Poor farmland – had to trade for food, limited the population
Surrounded by sea – travel, transportation, trade
Moderate climate – outdoor life – politics, sports, civic duty

3. What early group built fortified walls on the hills of Greece?
Mycenaeans
What war was fought by the Mycenaeans over the kidnapping of the King’s wife?
Trojan War
Who wrote about this war?
Homer
What were his stories entitled?
The Iliad and The Odyssey

4. What are these long tales of heroic deeds called?
Epics
What group ruled Greece from approximately 1200 BCE to 800 BCE and failed to advance?
Dorians
What do we call this period?
The Dark Ages

5. Traditional stories about the gods were called what?
Myths
What does the word polis mean?
City State
What is a city state?
Independent city with own govt, customs, etc. Not part of a unified nation
Government run by a king is called
Monarchy

6. A fortified hilltop was called
Acropolis
What happened at these places?
Meetings, government, discussions, temples
A government ruled by a small group of wealthy individuals
Aristocracy
Government by the few
Oligarchy

7. Government by the people
Democracy
What kind of democracy did the Greeks have?
Direct
What kind of government do we have?
Representative
Leaders who took over aristocratic leaders with the support of the people were
Tyrants

8. Who developed a harsh code of Greek law?
Draco
Who outlawed debt slavery and imprisonment?
Solon
Who increased the number of people who could participate in government?
Cleisthenes

9. What was the role of Athenian women?
Raise family, tend to the home, etc.
Peasants who were forced into slavery by the Spartans were called
Helots
Spartan boys left home for military training at age 7
At what age did they become official soldiers? 20

10. At what age did Spartan soldiers retire?60
What was the role of Spartan women?
Strong, physically fit to bear children and defend Sparta
What was in Spartan soup?
Pork boiled in animal blood, vinegar, salt 

11. Greek foot soldiers were called
Hoplites
A powerful infantry formation where soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder was the
Phalanx
The first battle of the Persian war was at
Marathon
Who won this battle?
Greeks

12. Who was Pheidippedes?
Runner who ran 26 miles to tell Athens of the victory
Who was the Persian leader at this battle?
Darius
Who was his son who sought revenge on the Greeks at Thermopylae?
Xerxes

13. What happened at Thermopylae?
Mountain pass defended by 6,000 Greeks (300 Spartans); Greeks betrayed, Persians won, all Spartans died; Athens burned
At what naval battle did the Greeks defeat the Persians?
Salamis
What was the final battle of the Persian War?
Plataea

14. What defensive league was formed by the Greek city states following the Persian War?
Delian
Who dominated this league?
Athens
What period of history was ushered in following the defeat of Persia?
Golden Age

15. Who was the Greek leader during the Golden Age?
Pericles
What did Pericles do for Athens?
Strengthened democracy, improved the navy, allowed more people to participate in government
What was the Assembly?
Voting Greek citizens (adult, male)

16. What were some notable Greek accomplishments during the Golden Age?
Philosophy, Art, Theatre, Sculpture, Science, Math, Architecture
What philosopher was convicted of corrupting the minds of youth?
Socrates
Who was his most famous student?
Plato
What school did he establish?
The Academy

17. Where were Greek plays performed?
Amphitheatres
What were the two types of Greek plays?
Tragedy and Comedy
What do we call this period of World history?
Classical
Who was the father of history?
Herodotus
What historian based his writings on factual information?
Thucydides

18. What war occurred between Sparta and Athens?
Peloponnesian
What disaster struck Athens during this war?
Plague
What does philosophy mean?
Love of wisdom

19. What philosopher was the tutor of Alexander the Great?
Aristotle
Why were these philosophers ahead of their time?
Promoted free thought, higher level thinking, examining oneself, questioning the world
What was the Socratic method?
Teaching by asking questions

20. What famous temple housed the ancient statue of Athena?
Parthenon
What kingdom to the north of Greece eventually conquered it?
Macedonia
Who was the leader who took over most of Greece?
Phillip II

21. Who was Phillip’s famous son?
Alexander the Great
What great empire did Alexander defeat?
Persian
How far east did Alexander’s empire extend?
Indus Valley
How long did Alexander remain in power?
12 years (age )

22. The blending of Greek and Middle Eastern culture was called
Hellenistic
Blending of cultures is called
Cultural diffusion
What achievements were made during this period?
Literature, architecture, art, science, math, astronomy, physics, philosophy

23. What was the most important Hellenistic city?
Alexandria, Egypt
Whose work is the basis of modern geometry?
Euclid
Who developed the idea of pi and worked with levers and pulleys?
Archimedes

24. Who wrote Greek comedies?
Aristophanes
What philosophy believed in the pursuit of pleasure and happiness in life?
Epicureanism
What philosophy focused on bearing the burdens of life with strength?
Stoicism
When were the first Olympics held?
776 BCE

25. ROME Who were the legendary founders of Rome? Romulus and Remus
Who raised them?
A wolf
When was Rome founded?
753 BC
On what river was Rome built?
Tiber

26. What mountain range runs down the center of Italy?
Apennine
What type of government was established in Rome?
Republic
Italy is what type of land mass?
Peninsula

27. What were the wealthy members of Rome called?
Patricians
What were the lower class members called?
Plebeians
What group controlled northern Italy?
Etruscans

28. When was the Roman Republic founded?
509 BCE
What is a Republic?
Government run by elected officials
What were the 300 members of government who made laws called?
Senators
What were the 2 rulers of Rome called?
Consuls

29. How long did consuls serve in office?
1 year
What government body was created to represent the plebeians?
Council of Plebes
What was the name of the written code of law developed by the plebeians?
Twelve Tables, 451 BCE

30. What was the Roman army called?
Roman Legion (Legionnaires)
Who would rule Rome during times of war?
A dictator
What series of wars began in 264 BCE?
Punic Wars
These were wars between Rome and
Carthage (Phoenician colony in N. Africa)

31. How many wars were fought?3
Who led an army with elephants through Spain through Europe to try to conquer Italy?
Hannibal
What resulted from this?
Scipio attacked Carthage (Zama) and Hannibal was forced to return (and retreat from Italy)

32. When Carthage was finally defeated in the 3rd war, what happened to its inhabitants?
All 50,000 sold into slavery
What was the importance of the Punic Wars?
Greatly increased the size of the Roman Republic – dominant in the Mediterranean

33. Which brothers tried to make reforms in Rome and were both murdered?
Gracchus
Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed an alliance called the
First Triumvirate
What reforms did Caesar institute?
Granted citizenship to many people in provinces, expanded the Senate, helped create jobs through new public works projects, increased pay for soldiers

34. The first Roman Emperor was
Augustus (Octavian)
The 200 year period of peace in Rome was called the
Pax Romana
What VALUES did the Romans possess?
Loyalty, duty, discipline, usefulness, practicality, strength

35. Roman gladiator fights occurred at the
Colosseum
What new religion developed during the days of the early Roman empire?
Christianity
What ideas did Jesus emphasize in his teachings?
Forgiveness, love, charity, kindness, love of god, neighbors, etc.
Why was Jesus crucified?
Roman leaders concerned that he posed a threat, wouldn’t pray to Roman leaders, upset Jewish leaders

36. What were some reasons why Christianity became more popular?
Offered salvation, hope, based on love, kindness, all could be members, just needed faith, rich and poor alike welcomed, eternal life
Who was the first Christian Roman emperor?
Constantine
Who split the Roman empire?
Diocletian

37. What were some of the “barbaric” tribes that invaded Rome?
Huns, Goths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Ostragoths
When did the Roman empire officially fall?
476 AD
What was the capital of the eastern part of the empire that lived on?
Constantinople (Asia Minor)

38. EVERYONE Name several reasons for the decline of Rome
Inflation, loss of loyalty, mercenaries, lack of gold and silver, land depleted – affected harvests, unemployment, decline of discipline and morale, empire too large, gap between rich and poor, inflation, loss of patriotism, invasions, disruption of trade, tax burden, little money for defense, moving capital to Byzantium (Constantinople), division of empire, civil war and unrest