1. Human footprint – A measure of the human influence globally

2. How and How Much? Estimated 83% impacted How? – Conversion to ag and urban – Filling of wetlands and estuaries But, this is largely direct and easily measured indirect impacts – Atmospheric transfers – Ozone hole – No place is completely untouched

3. Extinction Rate Difficult to calculate but can be done Natural extinction rate 0.0001% – Based on 1 sp./1 million sp./yr Based on changes of trackable species in the fossil record Can estimate future extinction rates (see Science Focus p. 188) Current estimate on rate 0.01 – 0.1%

5. Types of Extinction Local – lost from one part of its range Ecological – still present but no longer plays a role Biological – gone (see Core Case Study @ start of chapter) passenger pigeon

6. Extrinsic or Intrinsic Value

8. Species Introductions Same risk whether intentional or not New ecosystem and may fail to establish When successful, have a selective advantage – Competition – Predation (ability, avoidance Purple loosestrife

9. Species Introductions New regs make it difficult to intentionally introduce Primary reason to introduce – biocontrol http://www.invasivespecie sinfo.gov/laws/publiclaws. shtml http://www.invasivespecie sinfo.gov/laws/publiclaws. shtml Purple loosestrife beetle

11. Endangered Species Act of 1973 Amended 1982, 1985, 1988 (Reagan Administration) Primary Goal: identify and protect endangered species in the US and abroad Determination by: National Marine Fisheries Service (marine), Fish & Wildlife Service (freshwater and terrestrial) Determination based on biological factors only

12. Endangered Species Act of 1973 Many species in hotspots – unique ecosystems with high biodiversity/imperiled Once named, their habitat is protected A recovery plan must be developed Amendments allow for some habitat destruction (habitat conservation plan) About 1400 species named in US, but TNC estimates 1/3 of US sp. at risk of extinction

13. Newest addition to the List Snuffbox mussel – Epioblasma triquetra