1. Immigration and Urbanization

2. Immigration Birds of Passage

3. Urbanization Americanization mov’t Assimilation Discrimination and segregation

4. Urban Problems Housing - tenements Mass transit water, sanitation, crime, fire

5. Angel Island - California Why did we want them to come to America? Why did they want to come to America?

6. Asians in America To help America’s economic development of the new western territories, Chinese were recruited to labor in the frontier Caught between the white laboring class struggling for better working conditions, and capitalist exploitation of labor Chinese became scapegoats for the growing pains of the American labor movement in the West

7. Conditions at Angel Island U.S. officials hoped to deport as many as possible by asking obscure questions about Chinese villages and family histories that immigrants would have trouble answering correctly. While being detained, men and women were housed separately in barracks that were filthy, ramshackle buildings

9. Tensions on the West Coast of America But American laborers resented the Chinese because the latter were willing to work for cheap wages. Americans accused the Chinese of monopolizing jobs. Again, this complaint was lodged against the earlier immigrants from Western Europe. So how were these immigrants any different?

10. Immigration Laws Stiff immigration laws were passed. Many Chinese immigrants were forced to prove they had a husband or father who was a U. S. citizen or be deported. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

11. Chinese “Question” Debates centering on white superiority over yellow inferiority became nationally known as the "Chinese Question". The answer was the passage of the Exclusion Act of 1882 Almost totally eliminating Chinese immigration. Chinese already in America were declared ineligible for citizenship.

13. Ellis Island - East Coast

14. Ellis Island 1892-1924 the chief immigration station. 17 million immigrants pass through

15. Social Gospel Mov’t Jane Adams Settlement houses Hull House 1st Nobel Peace prize awarded to a woman

16. Politics in the Gilded Age

17. Political Machines Political machines controlled the activities of political parties in the city. Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure that their candidates were elected and that city government worked to their advantage.

18. Political Boss The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system. Precinct captains and ward bosses, often 1 st or 2 nd generation immigrants, helped new immigrants with jobs, housing, and naturalization in exchange for votes. The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system. Precinct captains and ward bosses, often 1 st or 2 nd generation immigrants, helped new immigrants with jobs, housing, and naturalization in exchange for votes.

19. Municipal Graft & Scandal Some political bosses Some political bosses were corrupt and their were corrupt and their political machines political machines practiced election fraud practiced election fraud by using fake names by using fake names and voting multiple and voting multiple times to ensure victory. times to ensure victory. Bribes were common Bribes were common and construction and construction contracts often resulted contracts often resulted in kick-backs. Because the in kick-backs. Because the police were hired by the police were hired by the boss, there was no close boss, there was no close scrutiny. scrutiny.

20. The Tweed Ring Scandal William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, was head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machine. Between 1869-1871, he led the Tweed Ring of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Convicted of 120 counts of fraud & extortion, he was sentenced to 12 years in jail, but released after one. Rearrested, he escaped to Spain. William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, was head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machine. Between 1869-1871, he led the Tweed Ring of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Convicted of 120 counts of fraud & extortion, he was sentenced to 12 years in jail, but released after one. Rearrested, he escaped to Spain. Thomas Nast

21. The Tweed Ring William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter] William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

22. Civil Service Replaces Patronage Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system, which had been based on Patronage (giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected). Reformers pushed for adoption of a merit system (hiring the most qualified for jobs). The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance. Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system, which had been based on Patronage (giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected). Reformers pushed for adoption of a merit system (hiring the most qualified for jobs). The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance.

23. Nativism American Protective Association 1897 literacy test - vetoed - but indicates nativism Anti-asian sentiment Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907-1908 http://la.indymedia.org/uploads/2007/01/nativism_is_so.jpg

24. Business Buys Influence Harrison and Cleveland and High Tariffs McKinley Tariff Wilson Gorman Tariff passed by Republican Pres. Benjamin Harrison made into law over Pres. Cleveland’s wishes Lowering tariffs failed but spirit of change remained