1. Chapter 17 Challenges of the Cities Immigration: Push & Pull Factors Push Factors: Scarce Land Farm jobs lost to machines Political and religious persecution Revolution Poverty & hard lives Pull Factors: Promise of freedom & better life Family or friends already settled in the United States Factory jobs available

2. The New Immigrants Where They Came From 1840-1860: 93% Northern & Western Europe 2% Eastern & Southern Europe 3% Americas 1.5% Asia 2% All others Where they came from 1880-1900: 59% Northern & Western 33% Eastern & Southern Europe 6% Americas 1%Asia 1% All others

3. The New Immigrants: Immigrants from Southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America poured into the U.S. after the Civil War. Most immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities while they assimilated into American Culture. A new surge of nativism arose in response to the so-called new immigrants. Boom in the Cities: Cities grew rapidly in the late 1800’s and many poor people lived in crowded slums. Under pressure from reformers, cities passed building codes and improved city services. Church groups, along with idealistic reformers like Jane Adams, worked to improve the life of the poor city residents. City Life Transformed: Skyscrapers, public transportation, and public parks became a part of the city scene in the later 1800s. Newspaper circulation grew as publishers introduced new features, comics, and sensational “yellow journalism.” Leisure activities such as sports and entertainment helped unite Americans. Education & Culture: 6.4 % Graduation Rate. 93.6% Did not Graduate In the Late 1800’s, education improved in the United States. American literature and art ranged from dime novels to new works of realism. Health: Average life expectancy was 47.3. African American Males was 32.5. Causes of high Death Rate: Cardiovascular problems, Tuberculosis, Influenza & pneumonia, Gastritis & Colitis, and Malignant tumors Chapter 17 Challenges of the Cities Review

4. Immigration and Internal Migration Rapid Growth of the Cities Urban Problems of Poverty, Crime, and Disease Nativism leads to immigration restrictions and violence against immigrants Political Machines develop to offer services to city dwellers in exchange for votes

5. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age 1.Megalopolis. 2.Mass Transit. 3.Magnet for economic and social opportunities. 4.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core 5.New frontier of opportunity for women. 6.Squalid living conditions for many. 7.Political machines. 8.Ethnic neighborhoods.

6. New Architectural Style New Use of Space New Class Diversity New Energy New Culture (“Melting Pot”) New Form of Classic “Rugged Individualism” New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption Make a New Start New Symbols of Change & Progress The City as a New “Frontier?”

8. William Le Baron Jenney  1832 – 1907  “Father of the Modern Skyscraper”

9. W. Le Baron Jenney: Central Y.M.C.A., Chicago, 1891

10. Louis Sullivan  1856 – 1924  The Chicago School of Architecture  Form follows function!

11. Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

12. D. H. Burnham  1846 – 1912  Use of steel as a super structure.

13. D. H. Burnham: Marshall Fields Dept. Store, 1902

14. Frank Lloyd Wright  1869 – 1959  “Prairie House” School of Architecture  “Organic Architecture”  Function follows form!

15. Frank Lloyd Wright: Allen-Lamb House, 1915

16. F. L. Wright Furniture

17. F. L. Wright Glass Screens Prairie wheat patterns.

18. New York City Architectural Style: 1870s-1910s 1.The style was less innovative than in Chicago. 2.NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago. 3.Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC  their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies. 4.NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.

19. Western Union Bldg,. NYC - 1875

20. Singer Building NYC - 1902

21. Grand Central Station, 1913

22. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

23. Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

24. “Dumbell “ Tenement

25. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890)

26. Tenement Slum Living

27. Lodgers Huddled Together

28. Tenement Slum Living

29. Struggling Immigrant Families

30. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

31. St. Patrick’s Cathedral

32. Hester Street – Jewish Section

33. 1900 Rosh Hashanah Greeting Card

34. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

35. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

36. Industrial Age Timeline DateEvent J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co. Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co. Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill Knights of labor is formed Haymarket Square riot in Chicago Farmers Alliance founded Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago. Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York. The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions James Naismith invents basketball. Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress. Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone

37. DateEvent 1901J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation 1863J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co. 1892Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co. 1875Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill 1869Knights of labor is formed 1886Haymarket Square riot in Chicago 1877Farmers Alliance founded 1868Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling 1889Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago. 1873Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York. 1883The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions 1891James Naismith invents basketball. 1882Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress. 1876Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone

38. DateEvent 1863J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co. 1868Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling. 1869Knights of labor is formed. 1873Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York. 1875Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill. 1876Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone. 1877Farmers Alliance founded. 1882Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress. 1883The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions. 1886Haymarket Square riot in Chicago 1889Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago. 1891James Naismith invents basketball. 1892Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co. 1901J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation.