1. Chapter 12-3 Crisis in the Church Issues: Issues: Prayer did not deliver us from the plague Prayer did not deliver us from the plague Many priests fled during the plague Many priests fled during the plague Corruption in the Church: Corruption in the Church: Simony Simony Pluralism Pluralism Selling of indulgences Selling of indulgences Lack of chastity for priests, illiteracy, drunkenness, etc. Lack of chastity for priests, illiteracy, drunkenness, etc.

2. Early efforts to Reform Failed Cistercians, Franciscans, Dominicans… Cistercians, Franciscans, Dominicans… Power and wealth of Church resented by all Power and wealth of Church resented by all Led to the Babylonian Captivity Led to the Babylonian Captivity Referred to the time when the Hebrews were held for 70 years in Mesopotamian Babylonia Referred to the time when the Hebrews were held for 70 years in Mesopotamian Babylonia 1309-1376 Seven successive popes ruled from Avignon, France 1309-1376 Seven successive popes ruled from Avignon, France

3. Babylonian Captivity Philip the Fair (France) tried to tax Church officials in France Philip the Fair (France) tried to tax Church officials in France Pope Boniface issued a Papal Bull against it Pope Boniface issued a Papal Bull against it 1303 Philip had Boniface captured but Boniface was rescued 1303 Philip had Boniface captured but Boniface was rescued 1309 next Pope, Clement V was pressured to settle in SE France…was too ill to resist 1309 next Pope, Clement V was pressured to settle in SE France…was too ill to resist The next 6 as well The next 6 as well

4. The Babylonian Captivity Popes lived in the lap of luxury BUT were prisoners Popes lived in the lap of luxury BUT were prisoners Concerned themselves with Church finances not the flock Concerned themselves with Church finances not the flock Philip had effectively gained control over the Church Philip had effectively gained control over the Church Italian economy destroyed…lack of trade, visitors, authority Italian economy destroyed…lack of trade, visitors, authority

5. How it ended 1377 Pope Gregory went back to Rome but died soon after 1377 Pope Gregory went back to Rome but died soon after Italian mobs cut off roads and ports to foreigners Italian mobs cut off roads and ports to foreigners Demanded that cardinals choose a Roman Pope Demanded that cardinals choose a Roman Pope They did: Pope Urban VI They did: Pope Urban VI He was reform-minded BUT tactless, arrogant, etc. He was reform-minded BUT tactless, arrogant, etc.

6. To the Great Schism Urban alienated his Cardinals Urban alienated his Cardinals Many slipped out of Rome went to Anagni Many slipped out of Rome went to Anagni Declared Urban’s election invalid Declared Urban’s election invalid Elected new Pope: Clement VII (cousin of French king Charles V of France) Elected new Pope: Clement VII (cousin of French king Charles V of France) Clement was known as the Antipope and ruled from Avignon Clement was known as the Antipope and ruled from Avignon Now 2 Popes =Schism lasted to 1417 Now 2 Popes =Schism lasted to 1417

7. Effects of the Schism Common people confused and lost trust Common people confused and lost trust European powers sided with Popes based on politics European powers sided with Popes based on politics Spoloto (Spanish law professor): The longer the Schism lasts, the worse for the Church. Spoloto (Spanish law professor): The longer the Schism lasts, the worse for the Church. The Conciliar Movement: claimed the rift could be mended The Conciliar Movement: claimed the rift could be mended

8. The Conciliar Movement Pope to remain as head of the Church BUT Pope to remain as head of the Church BUT To derive power from the whole Christian community To derive power from the whole Christian community Wanted assemblies, frequent meetings Wanted assemblies, frequent meetings Wanted Constitutional form of the Church Wanted Constitutional form of the Church Neither Pope willing to share power with an assembly or limit power with a Constitution Neither Pope willing to share power with an assembly or limit power with a Constitution

9. Challenges to the Church BEFORE the Schism 1324 Marsiglio of Padua wrote Defensor Pacis: 1324 Marsiglio of Padua wrote Defensor Pacis: Challenged Church authority Challenged Church authority Church should not own property Church should not own property Church was subordinate to the State Church was subordinate to the State Scripture did NOT give the Pope or the Church secular authority Scripture did NOT give the Pope or the Church secular authority Padua was later excommunicated Padua was later excommunicated

10. Other Challenges John Wyclif (1330-1384) English Scholar John Wyclif (1330-1384) English Scholar Said Scriptures, not Pope, should be the standard of belief Said Scriptures, not Pope, should be the standard of belief Scriptures did not mention temporal power for Pope Scriptures did not mention temporal power for Pope Said people should read and interpret the Bible for themselves Said people should read and interpret the Bible for themselves Denounced veneration of Saints, pilgrimages, absenteeism, pluralism, other corruption Denounced veneration of Saints, pilgrimages, absenteeism, pluralism, other corruption

11. John Wyclif Said: Every Christian free of mortal sin possessed lordship Said: Every Christian free of mortal sin possessed lordship Was the cause of the Peasant Revolt (1381) Was the cause of the Peasant Revolt (1381) Was huge Was huge Also led by John Ball Also led by John Ball One cause of the end of serfdom in England by 1550 One cause of the end of serfdom in England by 1550

12. Wyclif Many believed Wyclif to be precursor to Reformation Many believed Wyclif to be precursor to Reformation Was condemned by Church authorities Was condemned by Church authorities But had a big following: the Lollards But had a big following: the Lollards Means mumblers of prayers and psalms Means mumblers of prayers and psalms Belief that women should be able to preach and consecrate the Eucharist…so many women Lollards Belief that women should be able to preach and consecrate the Eucharist…so many women Lollards

13. The Schism continued Two Popes, two colleges of Cardinals Two Popes, two colleges of Cardinals 1409 All met at Pisa to end the Schism 1409 All met at Pisa to end the Schism Elected a third Pope Elected a third Pope BUT others would not step down BUT others would not step down Now…3 POPES! Now…3 POPES! HRE Sigismund to solve the problem with… HRE Sigismund to solve the problem with…

14. 1414 The Council of Constance 3 Goals: 3 Goals: Solve the Schism (it did) Solve the Schism (it did) Reform the Church (it did not) Reform the Church (it did not) Wipe out Heresy (it did not) Wipe out Heresy (it did not) Included 3 Popes, HRE, 29 Cardinals, 33 Archbishops, 100 Abbots, 4,000 priests, 300 Doctors of Theology and 1500 prostitutes Included 3 Popes, HRE, 29 Cardinals, 33 Archbishops, 100 Abbots, 4,000 priests, 300 Doctors of Theology and 1500 prostitutes

15. Jan Hus Had been invited to the Council of Constance by HRE Sigismund Had been invited to the Council of Constance by HRE Sigismund Had been promised safe passage Had been promised safe passage BUT was arrested and burned to death BUT was arrested and burned to death Big repercussions in Bohemia Big repercussions in Bohemia Who was he? Who was he?

16. Jan Hus (1369-1415) continued A Bohemian priest educated at Charles University in Prague A Bohemian priest educated at Charles University in Prague Preached in the vernacular (Czech) Preached in the vernacular (Czech) Alienated Germans there Alienated Germans there Argued for academic freedom of exchange of ideas Argued for academic freedom of exchange of ideas Preached against selling of indulgences, superstition, etc. Preached against selling of indulgences, superstition, etc.

17. Jan Hus continued Was humble and lived austerely Was humble and lived austerely Was introduced to Wyclif’s ideas but not a follower Was introduced to Wyclif’s ideas but not a follower Became President o Charles University Became President o Charles University Prague had largest % of pop in an urban center Prague had largest % of pop in an urban center Said Church was over-endowed Said Church was over-endowed People agreed People agreed Went into exile and wrote On the Church Went into exile and wrote On the Church

18. On the Church Challenged Papal authority Challenged Papal authority Deplored Church abuses Deplored Church abuses Defended Ultraquism (the practice of the reception of the Eucharist in BOTH species: bread and wine) Defended Ultraquism (the practice of the reception of the Eucharist in BOTH species: bread and wine) Defended Transubstantiation: Bread and wine BECOME the body and blood of Christ when blessed...not just a symbol Defended Transubstantiation: Bread and wine BECOME the body and blood of Christ when blessed...not just a symbol

19. On the Church continued Said Church derived its authority from Scripture, conscience, tradition Said Church derived its authority from Scripture, conscience, tradition Later reformers (like Luther) said authority was derived only from Scripture Later reformers (like Luther) said authority was derived only from Scripture Hus only wanted reform Hus only wanted reform He did not want to leave the Church or form a movement within the Church He did not want to leave the Church or form a movement within the Church

20. The end of Hus Was invited as a reformer to Council of Constance and guaranteed safe passage Was invited as a reformer to Council of Constance and guaranteed safe passage Was arrested and found guilty of heresy Was arrested and found guilty of heresy His books were banned, was stripped of his priesthood and burned at the stake His books were banned, was stripped of his priesthood and burned at the stake Huge protests in Bohemia Huge protests in Bohemia Letter was sent representing all classes rejecting the Council’s ruling= first time ecclesiastical decision was publically defied Letter was sent representing all classes rejecting the Council’s ruling= first time ecclesiastical decision was publically defied

21. The end of Hus I promise Czech people, clerics, nobles insisted on clerical poverty and communion under both species Czech people, clerics, nobles insisted on clerical poverty and communion under both species 1990 Czech Parliament declared day of Hus’ execution a national holiday (7-6-1415) 1990 Czech Parliament declared day of Hus’ execution a national holiday (7-6-1415) At Constance new pope = Martin V At Constance new pope = Martin V Others stepped down Others stepped down