1. Chapter 12 Congressional Reconstruction

2. Goals: Wanted to punish the South Prevent Southern leaders from returning to power Make Republican Party powerful in South Help African Americans achieve political equality

3. Implementation: Civil Rights Act of 1866 14 th Amendment (April, 1866) Supplementary Freedman’s Bureau Act (July, 1866) Reconstruction Act of 1867 Military districts Black suffrage Approval of 13 th and 14 th Amendment (later also the 15 th ) Tenure of Office Act (March, 1867) Led to impeachment of Andrew Johnson

4. Republican Rule in the South By 1870, all Southern states had rejoined the Union Republicans controlled state and local govts. Hated by many Southerners Republicans supported by Northerners immigrants and African Americans African Americans now politically involved in South Within a few years, were being elected for various offices, local to state level

5. Republican Reforms Abolished property requirements for voting Built roads, railways, bridges, public schools Established. state hospitals, orphanages, centers for the visually and hearing impaired, mentally ill Raised taxes – especially on property

6. Chapter 12 Response to and Impact of Reconstruction

7. Carpetbaggers Many Northerners moved to the South called carpetbaggers by southerners Reasons: Take advantage of Southerners Looking for new life/ new opportunities Wanted to help out whites and African Americans

8. Rise of the Klan Secret societies formed out of anger and frustration to the changes in the South Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1866 by former Confederate soldiers Goal was to drive out Union troops and carpetbaggers, regain control of political parties Terrorized both whites and African Americans Prevent them from voting

9. Southern Agriculture Unable to purchase land many freedman and poor whites became tenant farmers, paying rent for land they farmed For most this tenancy became sharecropping-paid for using the land with a portion of their crop they harvested Led to crop-lien system and debt peonage owing money and never bringing in enough to pay off debt prevented crop diversification Led to soil depletion

10. Chapter 12 The End of Reconstruction

11. The Grant Administration Election of 1868: * Republicans – Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax Democrats – Horatio Seymour and Francis Blair Results: Republicans – 214 electoral votes (52.7 % of popular vote) Democrats – 80 electoral votes (47.3% of popular vote) * Key to Grant victory – veterans and southern freedmen

12. The Grant Administration “Grantism” – a pattern of corruption both in and outside of politics. The Credit Mobilier scandal -- the VP was involved The Whiskey ring scandal – Grant’s private secretary was involved William Belknap, Secretary of War, took bribes in exchange for the sale of Indian trading posts  The Gould and Fisk attempt to “corner” the gold market  The Boss Tweed ring in New York City (Tammany Hall)

13. The Liberal Republican Party Why? -Angered by corruption -Demanded civil service reforms -Believed in free trade -Rejected “bayonet rule” in the south

14. Election of 1872 Election of 1868: Republicans – Ulysses S. Grant and Henry Wilson * Liberal Republicans and Democrats – Horace Greely and B. Gratz Brown * Greely died on November 29, 1872, so his electors voted for a variety of candidates The campaign increased Republican desire to put the “southern question” behind them.

15. The Panic of 1873 -Caused by the collapse of the Jay Cooke banking firm. -Led to 5 years of depression - labor protests and violence

16. Currency and Debt Controversy Grant administration supported a “sound money” policy Public Credit Act of 1869 – promise to pay war bonds with “coin” Swapped old bonds for new issues 1872 – defined “coin” as gold 1876 – Greenback Party formed by those who wanted cheap money for expansion 1878 – Democrats responded with the Bland- Allison Act

17. Constitutional Issues 1866 – Ex Parte Milligan ended military courts used by Freedman’s Bureau 1869 – Texan v. White declared reconstruction legal 1873 – Slaughterhouse Cases declared that the 14 th Amendment only applied to national citizenship, not state citizenship 1876 – U.S. v. Reese and U.S. v. Cruickshank invalidated most of the Enforcement Act of 1870

18. Southern “Redemption” Vigilante groups reduced both the black and white republican vote many scalawags returned to the Democratic party some carpetbaggers returned to the north Congressional amnesty allowed former leaders to return to politics All but 3 states were controlled by Democrats by 1876 Once in control of state governments, the Democrats lowered taxes, eliminated social programs, limited th rights of tenants and sharecroppers, used the law to gain control of the black work force

19. Election of 1876 Election of 1868: Republicans – Rutherford B Hayes and William Wheeler Democrats – Samuel Tilden and Thomas Hendricks Greenbacks -- Peter Cooper and Samuel Cary After balloting, Tilden had 184 electoral votes and Hayes had 165 with 20 electoral votes (from Florida, SC, Louisiana, and Oregon) disputed