1. THE TISSUES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LABORATORY MANUAL) BY: ROMER, PINO, POPE, CHAPTER # 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY BY MARTINI, 7TH EDITION, CHAPTERS # 4 & 5

2. PRESENTATION CREATED BY: ALFONSO A. PINO, MD.

3. THE MICROSCOPE
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4. THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
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5. BASE It contains: Off on switch Voltage regulator illuminator
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6. STAGE
It supports the microscope slides and contains slide clips and mechanical stage
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7. MECHANICAL STAGE
It has 2 knobs for movement of the slides from left to right and front to back
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8. SUBSTANCE CONDENSOR It has 3 parts: blue filter iris diaphragm
condenser lens
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

9. the short wavelength of the blue light provides maximum resolution
Blue filter:
the short wavelength of the blue light provides maximum resolution
Iris diaphragm:
controls the amount of light passing from the slide source
Condenser lens:
collets and focuses the light from the illuminator onto the slide
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

10. LENSES They magnify the image Objectives: they have 3 or 4 objectives
4X scanner
10X low power
40X high dry
100 X oil emersion lens
Ocular lens or eyepiece:
it is 10X and it can have a scale
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

11. ADJUSTMENT KNOBS They are for focusing Coarse adjustment knob:
for locating and focusing objects (DO NOT USE for high magnification)
Fine adjustment knob: (small)
for focusing on higher powers
knobs
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

12. ARM
Supports the objective lens
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

13. CARES OF THE MICROSCOPE
When moving the microscope, carry it with 2 hands (one hand to grip the arm and the other under the base
Lenses have to be clean with lens paper (to keep them free of oil and dust).
Do not use the coarse adjustment when focusing with the higher power objectives
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

14. PROCEDURES 1- Turn on the illuminator using the on/off switch
2- Turn the nosepiece to bring the 4X objective (scanner) into position
3- Raise the stage into its highest position
4- Place a slide of the letter “e” in the slide clamp on the stage
5- Turn the coarse adjustment knob to bring the “e” into focus
6- Measure the field (the brightly lighted circle that you see when you look through the ocular lens)
7- Center the ”e” in your field of view and then rotate the nosepiece to 10X
8- Use the fine adjustment knob to focus until the image is sharp. Draw the image. Do not use the coarse adjustment
10- Rotate the nosepiece until the 40X. Draw the image
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

15. CUBOIDAL CELLS
Simple cuboidal kidney
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16. SQUAMOUS CELLS
Simple squamous peritoneum
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17. COLUMNAR CELLS
Simple columnar small intestine
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18. TISSUE CONCEPT- IT IS A COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED CELLS &
CELLS PRODUCTS THAT ARE ORGANIZED
TO PERFORM FUNCTIONS
4 TYPES :
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCLE TISSUE
NEURAL TISSUE
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

19. EPITHELIAL TISSUE- IT COVERS EXPOSED SURFACES (SKIN),
LINES INTERNAL PASSAGES & CHAMBERS
(DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, REPRODUCTIVE AND ,
URINARY SYSTEMS )
IT FORMS GLANDS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE- IT FILLS INTERNAL SPACES,
PROVIDES STRUCTURE SUPPORT ,
TRANSPORTS MATERIAL WITHIN THE BODY &
STORES ENERGY
MUSCLE TISSUE- IT CONTRACTS TO PERFORM MOVEMENT.
IT GENERATES HEAT THAT WARMS THE BODY
NEURAL TISSUE- IT CARRIES INFORMATION FROM ONE PART OF
THE BODY TO ANOTHER BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

20. FUNCTIONS OF THE EPITHELIA
PHYSICAL PROTECTION- FROM ABRASION,
DEHYDRATION, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
CONTROL PERMEABILITY- REGULATED BY
HORMONES, TRANSPORT IONS & NUTRIENTS
PROVIDES SENSATIONS- TOUCH RECEPTORS,
NEUROEPITHELIUM CONTEINS SENSORY CELLS
THATPRODUCE SENSATIONS OF SMELL, TASTE,
SIGTH, EQUILLIBRIUM OR HEARING
PROVIDES SECRETIONS- GLANDS CELLS PRODECE
SECRETIONS FOR PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL
MENSSAGERS IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID & BLOOD
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

21. CLASSIFICATION OF THE EPITHELIA
SHAPE- SQUAMOUS- THIN & FLAT
CUBOIDAL- LIKE LITTLE HEXAGONAL BOXES
COLUMNAR- TALLER & MORE SLENDER
NUMBER OF CELLS
SIMPLE- SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS
STRATIFIED- SEVERAL LAYERS OF CELLS
COMBINATIONS OF SHAPE & NUMBER
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

22. Martini pg 111
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23. TYPES OF EPITHELIA TISSUES WITH EXAMPLES
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS- Lung, serous membranes, lining heart
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS- epidermis, mouth, throat, vagina
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL- glands, ducts, kidney tubules
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL- linings some ducts
TRANSITIONAL- urinary bladder, ureters
SIMPLE COLUMNAR- stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM-
respiratory tract
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM- salivary glands ducts
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

24. Martini pg112
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25. Martini pg 112
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

26. Martini pg 113

27. Transitional epithelium
(Martini pg 113)
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28. Simple columnar epithelium
(Martini pg 115)
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29. Stratified columnar epithelium
(Martini pg 115)
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30. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
(Martini pg 115)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

31. FUNCTIONS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
IT FORMS AN STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK
IT TRANSPORTS FLUID & MATERIALS
IT PROTECTS DELICATES ORGANS
IT SUPPORTS, SURROUNDS & INTERCONNECTS
TISSUES
IT STORAGES ENERGY
IT CONTAINS CELLS THAT DEFEND THE BODY FROM MICROORGANISMS
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
COLLAGEN FIBERS
THEY ARE LONG, STRAIGTH & UNBRANCHED
THEY ARE A BUNDLE OF FIBROUS PROTEIN SUBUNITS
WOUND TOGETHER
THEY HAVE LITTLE STRETCH, BUT GREAT TENSILE STRENGH
THEY FORM TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS
RETICULAR FIBERS
THEY HAVE SAME SUBUNITS THAN COLLAGEN FIBERS
BUT WITH A DIFFERENT PHYSICAL ARRNGEMENTARRANGEMMENT
THEY FORM A NETWORK THAT RESISTS FORCES APPLY
FROM MANY DIRECTIONS AND
THEY STABILIZE RELATIVE POSITION OF CELLS, ORGANS, BLOOD
VESSELS, NERVES & OTHER STRUCTURES
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

33. ELASTIC FIBERS THEY CONTEIN PROTEIN ELASTIN THEY ARE BRANCHED & WAVY
AFTER STRECHING, THEY CAN RETURN TO THEIR ORIGINAL LENGTH
THEY LACK THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF COLLAGEN
THEY DOMINATE IN ELASTIC LIGAMENTS
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

34. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
AREOLAR
ADIPOSE
RETICULAR
DENSE REGULAR
DENSE IRREGULAR
ELASTIC
CARTILAGE
BONE
BLOOD
LYMPH
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

35. Areolar tissue (Martini pg 119)
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36. Adipose tissue (Martini pg 122)
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37. Reticular tissue (Martini pg 122)
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38. Dense regular connective tissue (Martini pg 124)
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39. Dense irregular connective tissue (Martini pg 124)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

40. Elastic tissue (Martini pg 124)
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41. Hyaline cartilage (Martini pg 127)
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42. Bone tissue (Martini pg128)
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43. Blood (Martini pg125)
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44. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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45. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Martini, chapter 5; pg 154)
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
FROM EXTERNAL TO INTERNAL:
1- EPIDERMIS
2- DERMIS
3- HYPODERMIS
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

46. Martini pg 154
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47. EPIDERMIS
Function- protection from chemical, physical & biological agents
5 strata (from external to internal)
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum (basale)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

48. Stratum corneum- 15-30 layers of keratinized cells. Water
resistant
F- allows insensible perspiration
More or less 500 ml of water every day
Stratum lucidum- clear layer only in thick skin (palms & soles).
F-contains flattered & packed cells filled with the protein
keratin
Stratum granulosum- grainy layer
F- to produce protein keratin & keratohyalin basic
structural component of hair & nails
Stratum spinosum (8 to 10 layers)
F- it contains Langerhands cells for Immune response
against microorganisms & Cancer cells
Stratum germinativum or basale(The innermost)
F- cells divide to replace superficial cells
it contains Melanocytes –to produce melanin
For protection against uv radiation

49. Epidermis (5 strata)
(Martini pg 156)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

50. DERMIS Function- thermoregulation & protection
2 mayor components- papillary & reticular layers
Papillary l- contains capillary & lymphatic
vessels & sensory neurons
function- support & nourishment of the
overlaying epidermis
Reticular l- deep to papillary layer
function- to resist tension in the skin
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

51. HYPODERMIS FUNCTION- ENERGY STORE CUSHIONING INSULATION
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

52. ACCESSORY STRUCTURES Meissner’s corpuscles (white in models)
F- light touch & tactile receptors
Pacinian corpuscles (olive in models)
F- deep pressure & vibration receptors
Sebaceous glands- discharges waxy sebum into the hair
follicle
F- lubrication
Hair: for protection, insulation, and tactile reception.
It is divided into:
Shaft: exposed hair and first part under skin
Root- surrounded by hair follicle. Contains hair
papilla- at the base
Hair bulb- surrounds the papilla
Arrector pili- smooth muscle that erects the hair
Sweat glands- Apocrine
Merocrine

53. Secrets its products into the hair follicle
Apocrine sweat gland
Secrets its products into the hair follicle
Begins its function at puberty
Bacteria can intensify its odor
Present only under armpits, around the nipples and groin
Merocrine sweat gland- Discharge its contends directly on the
skin surface
Sensible perspiration and thermoregulation by cooling
surface of skin to reduce body temperature.
It also acts to excrete water and electrolytes and reduces
growth of microorganisms.
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

54. Hair follicle
(Martini pg165)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

55. Hair follicle
(Martini pg165)
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.

56. REMEMBER, GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS!
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.