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Timeline of Gilded Age Unions and Strikes National Labor Union (1866) – first attempt of a national union of all workers Higher wages, 8-hour day (won for federal employees) Women and black equality, monetary reform, cooperatives Knights of Labor (1881) Members included women and African-Americans Cooperatives, end child labor, anti-trusts Preferred method of arbitration over strikes
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Timeline of Gilded Age Unions and Strikes Haymarket Bombing (May 4, 1888) May Day celebration coupled with strike in Chicago led to police killing 4 people Commemoration on May 4 led to bombing killing police officers and to a police riot 8 innocent anarchists tried and convicted in show trial and hanged American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886) Samuel Gompers and walkouts for collective bargaining
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Dumbbell Tenement Plan Tenement House Act of 1879, NYC
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Another Struggling Immigrant Family
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Child Labor
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Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week 51 hours or less4,5545% 52-57 hours65,03379% 58-63 hours12,21115% Over 63 hours5621% Total employees, men and women 82,360
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Womens’ Trade Union League
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Women Voting for a Strike!
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8 th and 10 th Floors
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Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
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Inside the Building After the Fire
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Most Doors Were Locked
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Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died
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10 th Floor After the Fire
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Civil Service Reform Patronage-appoint people you know to government positions President Garfield assassinated as a result of patronage Pendleton Act (1881) Civil Service Commission Exams and campaign contributions
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Monopolies Monopoly—one company controls the entire market for a certain good Allows to set price anywhere they want Stomps out all competitors
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Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act. The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform. 1883 14,000 out of 117,000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions. 1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.
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Gilded Age Women 20% of American women worked as wage earners Most single women; 5% married Low-income families required women in workplace Female-based Jobs Typical home-associated industries: textiles, foods New types of jobs: secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, communication operators Women and feminized jobs considered low status and low salaries
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Railroads Drive the Expansion 35,000 miles in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900 Gauge standards connecting various local and national lines Connection of rails to cities, water ports, market centers, Atlantic to Pacific First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
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Federal land grants and subsidies Overexpansion and corruption led to consolidation by business moguls
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The Gild Breakers of the Vanderbilt Family The Astor Family The Boldt Castle The Mount of Edith Wharton Lockwood-Mathews Mansion
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©2010, TESCC * Thomas Nast As a political cartoonist for Harper’s Weekly, Nast attacked the Tammany Hall (Democratic) political machine that ran New York City in 1870. Along the way, Nast created the Democratic Donkey, Republican Elephant symbols (he did not like the Democrats), the Tammany Tiger and even Santa Claus. ©2010, TESCC
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Thomas Nast ©2010, TESCC *
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* Boss Tweed Picture from Boss Tweed Page http://www.polaris.edu/iltli/Tchrpgs/Tweed.htm "Stop them darn pictures. I don't care what the papers write about me. My constituents can't read. But, darn it, they can see the pictures." ©2010, TESCC
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POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE As cities grew in the late 19 th century, so did political machines Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city The head of the Political machine was known as the “Boss”
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ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS The “Boss” controlled jobs, business licenses, granting of contracts and influenced laws and courts Political Machines helped immigrants with naturalization (citizenship), jobs, and housing in exchange for votes Boss Tweed ran NYC
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Political Corruption was considered to be widespread Voter Fraud- used fake names and voted multiple times Patronage- granting favors in return for political support Graft- bribes kick-backs - Return of money in exchange for a business
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Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall
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THE TWEED RING SCANDAL William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city Tweed’s ring stole between 40 and 200 million Tweed died in Jail Boss Tweed
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Industry and the Workers Working Conditions: Dangerous: People lose fingers, limbs, become physically handicapped, stooped over, and other health problems. Long Hours- 12 -14 hour workdays, 6 days a week. Women and children paid less Sexual Harassment Poor Ventilation Beatings Abuse No Breaks Machines forced workers to work faster Monotonous work, or doing the same job all the time.
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New Immigrants Second Wave of Immigration 1870-1914, 25 million European Immigrants by 1920, 40% of pop-foreign born 1870- 1 in 7 were Irish Immigrants (New York) Southern and Eastern Europe Italians 3.6 million come. Greeks Russian (Jews) Turks Polish Serbian In the West- Chinese and then Japanese 1880- 457,000 Immigrants landed in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans Most were unskilled: Worked in Factories Construction Docks Warehouses Domestic Servants
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Immigration Push Factors Factors that pushed immigrants out of their native lands to America: Poverty- Lack of Economic Opportunity Political Repression - No freedom Ethnic conflict- War- conscription No jobs No hope of a future Famine/ starvation/drought Pull Factors Factors that pulled immigrants out of their native lands to America: Economic Opportunity Jobs/ workers were needed Land $ A future of land ownership Peace and stability Freedom to make a better life
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How did/do people react to immigrants coming to America? Whenever a new group enters into an established community tension is caused and a pattern of development can be seen. Examples: When the Irish came in the 1840’s the established groups of British and Germans did not like the new Irish. Irish where different: Language- Irish Religion Roman Catholic Culture different from British Lifestyles- They were looked down upon and discriminated against. See cartoons. Xenophobia- anti foreigner attitudes Nativism- The idea of blaming immigrants for problems. Established groups blamed the new groups for problems: Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply” People said they were responsible for: Crime Immorality- alcohol abuse Catholics- not loyal to America Dirty- Inferior, Damaging to the United States
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