1. DO NOW! 1. Who were the Crusades between? 1. Who were the Crusades between? 2. Who wrote the letter that started the crusades? What Empire was he from? 2. Who wrote the letter that started the crusades? What Empire was he from? 3. Who called for the Crusades? 3. Who called for the Crusades? 4. Name 2 of the 5 causes for the Crusades. 4. Name 2 of the 5 causes for the Crusades.

2. The Crusades East Meets West

3. The Crusades After Muslims(Seljuk Turks) were threatening the Byzantine Empire (Christians), Pope Urban II calls for Christians from Western Europe to protect the Byzantine Empire and to capture the Holy Land from its Muslim inhabitants Asia Minor

4. Pope Urban II calls the first Crusade. 1095-1291 GOD WILLS IT!!

5. " Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ, those who do not know God, the heathen (non Christians). Jerusalem wants to be free and begs you to come help! Who will take up this work, who will right these wrongs who will recover this territory, if you won't ?" What the Pope Said:

6. Great Schism 1064 Battle of Hastings 1066 Battle of Manzikert 1071 Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars c. 1000 Capture of Toledo from Muslims 1087 Cluniac Reform c. 1024 Capture of Sicily from Muslims 1099 ConstantinopleConstantinople RomeRome ExpansionismExpansionism Papal Politics AdventureAdventure Religious Piety PilgrimagesPilgrimages Muslim Advances Europe 1000-1100 Investiture Controversy 1075+

7. Call for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095 Pope Urban II called for a Crusade in 1095 Objectives Objectives Drive Turks from Anatolia Drive Turks from Anatolia Obligate the Byzantines Obligate the Byzantines Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Capture Holy Land Capture Holy Land

8. Major Events of Crusades First Crusade 1097-1098 First Crusade 1097-1098 Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land Achieved all major objectives in Holy Land Turkish threat hurt, though not eliminated Turkish threat hurt, though not eliminated Area not strategic to Muslims, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. Area not strategic to Muslims, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighbors

9. Major Events of Crusades Second Crusade, 1147-1148 Second Crusade, 1147-1148  Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat Third Crusade, 1189-1191 Third Crusade, 1189-1191  Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)

10. Major Events of Crusades Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204 Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204 Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for Venetians To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for Venetians Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204 Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid. In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

11. Major Events of Crusades Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219 Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219  Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem  Moslems agreed  Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt Sixth Crusade, 1229 Sixth Crusade, 1229  Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation  Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years  He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

12. Major Events of Crusades Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254 Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254  Led by Louis IX of France  Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade Eighth Crusade, 1270 Eighth Crusade, 1270  Led by Louis IX of France  Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.  The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291  One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

13. The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Lack of interest, rising European prosperity Repeated military defeats Repeated military defeats Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians) Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

14. Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. Romantic and imaginative literature. Romantic and imaginative literature.

15. More Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe Knowledge introduced to Europe Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return. Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.