1. Kings Nobility Clergy

2. 1106-25 Reign of Henry V as Holy Roman Emperor 1125-37 Reign of (Welf) Lothar of Saxony as Holy Roman Emperor 1137 Lothar designates Henry the Proud as King of Germany, but electors choose (Hohenstaufen) Conrad III (r. 1138-52)

3. Frederick I Barbarossa of Swabia (Hohenstaufen, r. 1152-90), relative of (Welf) Henry the Lion of Saxony and Bavaria FranconiaBurgundyS. Saxony

4. 1156 Frederick marries heiress to Burgundy, then invades Lombardy 1157 Pope Adrian IV (p. 1154-59) sends letter to Frederick at Besançon beneficium 1159-81 Papacy of Alexander III

5. 1162 Frederick takes Milan 1167 Communes of Lombardy form Lombard League 1176 Lombard League routs Frederick’s army at Legnano 1177 Frederick makes peace with Lombard League and Alexander III 1180 Frederick confiscates Henry the Lion’s fiefs

6. 1183 Frederick comes to agreement with Lombard League 1190 Death of Frederick

7. 1085 Alphonso VI of León-Castile (r. 1065-1109) takes Toledo Al-murabitun (Almoravids)

8. Norman Sicily 1113-54 Reign of Roger II

9. Mid 12th c. English begin expanding into and settling in Ireland

10. 10th-13th c. Formation of kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden

11. (Future) RussiaPoland (after 1138) Bohemia (part of Holy Roman Empire by early 11th c., re-unified by Otakar I (r. 1192-1230) in 1200) HungaryBulgariaSerbia

12. Kings needing support of nobility and clergy, but achieved by various means (Sicily, E. Europe, Holy Roman Empire) Dangers to position (Frederick/Alexander III, E. Europe, Poland)