1. Developing the Logical Frame Work …………….
Murali Krishna
Public Health Foundation of India

2. Learning objectives After this lecture participants will be able to
Understand the difference between LFA and LFM
build a logical framework matrix/PPM/Log frame

3. Are we speaking like this ?
Project Planning Matrix
Logical frame work matrix
Logical frame work Analysis
Log frame

4. Are we making u like this?

5. LFA and Logical Framework Matrix
LFA is a project preparation methodology
LFM is a document with a special structure, produced as the result of LFA.
LFA is the process and LFM is the product.
LFM is sometimes called Project Planning Matrix (PPM)/ Log Frame

6. Why LFA in projects?
It takes the planners through a series of steps to define clearly what the project or program will accomplish and how
It provides in-depth analysis of project objectives, outputs, and activities.
It provides a structured, logical approach to setting priorities and determining the intended results and activities of a project.
It helps to identify possible risks to project implementation.
It uses Quantity, Quality and Time indicators FOR measuring achievement of objectives
It provides a useful basis for project appraisal

7. Steps in LFA LFA consists of 4 steps: Situation analysis
Strategy Analysis
Project Planning Matrix
Implementation
Participation of the stakeholders is a prerequisite

8. 1. Situation Analysis
The analysis phase is the most critical, yet most difficult, phase of the log frame approach. The analysis phase consists of three stages
Stakeholder analysis: Identify biases, expectations, and concerns of the people, groups, or organizations that may influence or be influenced by the problem or a potential solution to the problem.
Problem analysis
Objective analysis

9. b. Problem Analysis
Identify the root cause and effects of the problem: Cause and effect link
Problem Tree Method
Effect
Effect
Main Problem
Cause
Cause
Cause
Cause
Cause

10. c. Objective Analysis Build on ‘Problem Tree’: The negative statements
It is ‘Objective Tree’: The positive statements
‘Means-Ends’ relationship

11. 2. Strategy Analysis

12. Strategy Analysis
A strategy analysis (also known as or alternatives analysis) involves an analysis of the ‘objective tree’.
Each of the ‘roots’ is examined as a possible means of strategy for achieving the core objective of the project.
Criteria are selected by which each possible strategy is to be judged and, either through a ‘ranking system’ or a consensus through discussion,

13. 3. LFM: Introduction
The logical framework Matrix was developed in the late 1960s to assist the US Agency of International Development (USAID) as a tool for:
Detailed planning with clearly defined objectives that can be monitored
Clear management responsibility
Pre-determined evaluation process

14. Terminology Inputs Process Outcome (output, effect & impact)
Objectives and goal

15. (immediate results in numbers)
System framework
Inputs
Process
Outcomes
Effect
Impact
Output
Goal
(planned impacts)
Targets
(immediate results in numbers)
Objectives
(Coverage)

16. The M & E framework (logic model)
Monitoring and Evaluation
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
EFFECT
Monitoring
Evaluation if we can attribute of inputs/process
Resources put into a program
Activities which convert program inputs to outputs
Products or services produced by program
OBJECTIVE

17. The logical framework matrix
Also known as the log frame
Provides the documented product of the analytical process
It consists of a matrix with four columns and four rows (or more), which summarize the key elements of a project plan
The project's hierarchy of objectives
Project description or intervention logic
The key external factors critical to the project’s success
Assumptions
How the project’s achievements will be monitored and evaluated
Indicators and sources of verification

18. Logical Framework (Log Frame)
The Goal refers to the overall problem we are trying to address
The Summary outlines the project’s objectives: what it hopes to achieve and how.
What outputs are needed to achieve the Purpose?
What change or benefit we want the project to achieve so that the goal can be reached
How will the outputs be delivered or produced

20. General sequence of completion

21. Log Frame – Filling the matrix
Filling tips:
There should be only one or two purposes
The main problem gives the project Purpose
The “causes” help in identifying the Outputs and Activities
Eg. What causes (outputs) increased immunization coverage (Purpose)
Use the “If Then” test to ensure logical links
Working from Activities as IF the activity was carried out THEN will the output be produced/result.
Similarly for other levels

22. Log Frame – Filling the matrix (e g Measles immunization)
SUMMARY
INDICATORS
EVIDENCE / SOURCE OF VERIFICATION
ASSUMPTIONS
GOAL
Decrease incidence and mortality from measles
OBJECTIVE
Increased coverage of measles immunization (MV)
OUTPUTS
(1) Increased awareness about MV
(2) Increased number of vaccination days
(3) Increased availability of MV at health centers

23. Log Frame – Filling the matrix
Assumptions/Risks:
We can never be 100% sure that the activities we plan or outputs the project will produce will actually happen. This because we live in a world of uncertainties. The log frame explicitly acknowledges this.
Risks which can affect planned activities and expected outcomes include:
Climate changes (floods, rain, drought etc.)
Health worker strikes or bandhs
Fluctuations in the economy or changes in economic policy
Changes in government policy
Contractors not fulfilling obligations

24. Log Frame – Filling the matrix
Assumptions/Risks:
Starting with each activity, list the potential and plausible risks which might prevent it from being carried out.
Rank the risks in order of importance and select only the most important ones (e.g. top two or three)
Write these risks into the Assumption column. Since risks are typically negatively worded, you might consider writing it as a positive statement such that it reads like an assumption.
For example – Risk : Health workers are not willing to work
Assumption: Health workers are willing to work
If there is a risk reducing measure available then it is important to include it as an activity since this will ensure greater success of the project.
Check the logic of your assumptions using the “IF – AND – THEN’ technique

25. Assessment of assumptions

26. Log Frame – Filling the matrix
SUMMARY
INDICATORS
EVIDENCE
ASSUMPTIONS
ACTIVITIES
1.1 Train CHW about importance of MV
CHW apply the training
1.2 Conduct IEC campaign for MV
Community responds to IEC
2.1 Recruit CHWs
CHWs come regularly to work
Incentives adequate for accepting job
2.2 Inform community about additional vaccination day
Community responds to additional day
3.1 Establish functional cold chain
Cold chain is maintained
3.2 Train health center staff in better logistic mgmt.
Health workers apply the training
AND

27. Log Frame – Filling the matrix
SUMMARY
INDICATORS
EVIDENCE
ASSUMPTIONS
GOAL
Decrease incidence and mortality from measles
PURPOSE
Increased coverage of measles immunization (MV)
Mortality due to measles
MV are effective
OUTPUTS
(1) Increased awareness about MV
(2) Increased number of vaccination days
(3) Increased availability of MV at health centers
MV is culturally acceptable
Additional vaccination days made use of by communities
Additional vaccines used
THEN

28. Log Frame – Filling the matrix
Indicators
COVERED IN EARLIER
Evidence (Means of Verification)
the type of data needed, such as a survey
the source of the data – whether secondary (collected by someone else) or primary (collected by our organisation)
frequency and dates of data collection. For example, monthly, quarterly, annually.

29. Data sources
Source: Adapted from MEASURE Evaluation( 2007). M&E Fundamentals - A Self-Guided Minicourse.

30. Exercise