1. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Chapter 16

2. Core Case Study: Iceland’s Vision of a Renewable-Energy Economy Pg 401  Supplies 75% of its primary energy and almost all of its electrical energy using Geothermal energy Hydroelectric power  No fossil fuel deposits: imports oil  Bragi Arnason: “Dr. Hydrogen” Energy vision  2003: World’s first commercial hydrogen filling station  2003–2007: three prototype fuel-cell buses  2008: 10 Toyota Prius test vehicles Hydrogen-fueled  Whale-watching boat: partially powered by a hydrogen fuel cell

3. 16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource? 1) We waste huge amounts of energy a) Energy conservation: decrease in energy use based on reducing unnecessary waste of energy b) Energy efficiency: how much work we get from each unit of energy we use c) About 84% of commercial energy is wasted 41% 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics 43% unnecessarily due to inefficiency d) wasted energy costs $570,000 per minute in US

4. Fig. 16-2, p. 399

5. 16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource? e) 2/3 of the oil consumed in the US is used for transportation (60% of oil is imported) f) Reducing energy waste has numerous economic advantages

6. 16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource? g) 4 widely used devices that waste energy 1. incandescent light bulb: 5-10% for light 2. Internal combustion engine: wastes 94% of energy in fuel 3. Nuclear power plant: wastes 83% of nuclear fuel (92% including the entire nuclear cycle) 4. Coal-fired power plant: wastes 66% (75-80% including mining and transport)

8. 16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource? 2) Net energy efficiency a) Energy left when all steps are combined b) More steps, lower the efficiency Figure 16-4 page 402

9. Uranium 100% Electricity from Nuclear Power Plant 14% Resistance heating (100%) figure 18-6 Page 382 90% Waste heat Passive Solar Sunlight 100% Waste heat 14% Transmission of electricity (85%) 17% Waste heat Power plant (31%) 54% Waste heat Uranium processing and transportation (57%) 95% Waste heat Uranium mining (95%) Window transmission (90%)

10. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? 1) We can save energy & money in industry a) Industry: 30% world & 38% of energy consumption b) Cogeneration (CHP): 2 useful forms of energy are produced from the same source ex: heat released by producing electricity is used to heat the plant c) Replace energy wasting electric motors (low efficiency, most run full at all times) d) Recycling materials e) Switch to fluorescent & LED lighting

11. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? f) Converting the outdated electrical grid inot a more responsive & efficient digitally controlled network (could save 1 billion per year) 2) We can save energy & money in transportation a) 2/3 of US oil consumption and major cause of air pollution and CO 2 released b) Fuel standards in other countries are much high than in the US c) Good news: Efficient cars are available

12. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? d) Bad news: Efficient cars & trucks are only 1% of sales mostly due to low cost (less than 1L of bottled water) e) Hidden costs: environmental & health costs and security issues include these $16 per gallon f)Other cost include subsidies & tax breaks for oil companies, car producers, & road builders g) Cost of pollution control & cleanup, military protection of oil supplies, wasted time in traffic, illness and death from air & water pollution

13. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? h) Other reason: More people owning SUVS & trucks i) Small tax breaks for buying fuel efficient vehicles

14. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? 3) More energy-efficient vehicles are on the way a) Interest is growing in superefficient & ultralight could get 80-300 mpg b) Hybrid cars: small traditional motor and an electric motor to provide energy needed for acceleration and hill climbing c) Hybrid electric: hybrid with a second, more powerful battery that can be plugged into an outlet d) Key to success is the range e) these could reduce consumption by 70-90% in US

15. Fig. 16-6, p. 403

16. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? f) Energy-efficient diesel: 45% of new sales in Europe. 30% more efficient, emit 30% less CO 2 but emit more nitrogen oxide and particulates g) Hybrid electric diesel would be more efficient h) Fuel cell: 2X more efficient, no moving parts, require little maintenance, use hydrogen gas and emit no pollution (available by 2020??) i) Changing to ultralight & ultras strong composite materials will also increase efficiency

17. Science Focus: The Search for Better Batteries page 406  Current obstacles Storage capacity Overheating Flammability  In the future Lithium-ion battery Ultracapacitor Viral battery Using nanotechnology

18. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? 4) Design buildings that save energy & money a) Georgia Power company in Atlanta uses 60% less energy than conventional building b) Green Architecture: energy-efficient & money saving designs c) Living roofs or green roofs: covered with soil & vegetation d) Super insulation e) Straw bale house: cover straw with plaster

19. Fig. 16-8, p. 405

20. Fig. 18-13 Page 387

21. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? f) Green building certification standards exist in 21 countries (World Green Building council) 5) Existing buildings: (page 407-409) a) Insulate and plug leaks b) Use energy efficient windows c) Stop other heating & cooling losses d) Heat houses more efficiently e) Heat water more efficiently f) Use energy efficient appliances g) Use energy efficient lighting

22. Fig. 16-8, p. 408 Shows heat loss (red, white & orange)

23. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? h) Shifting to more efficient lighting could cut the world’s electricity use enough to avoid building 700 large coal fired power plants i) LEDs (OLEDs) may replace existing lights

24. Fig. 16-10, p. 407

25. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? 6) Why are we still wasting so much energy a) Low cost fossil fuels b) Few large & long lasting tax breaks, rebates, low-interest, long-term loans & other incentives for consumers & businesses c) Rebound effect: saving money on bills, cause increased use (studies reveal this is small) 7) Replacing nonrenewable with renewable a) Renewable energy could provide 20% of the world’s electricity by 2025 & 50% by 2050

26. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? b) Advantages to shifting 1. decentralized & efficient energy economy that is less vulnerable to supply cutoffs 2. Improve national security by reducing oil imports from ME 3. Reduce trade deficits due to oil imports 4. Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants 5. Create jobs 6. Save money

27. 16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste? c) Reasons it doesn’t provide more energy 1. lack of government incentives 2. price of fossil & nuclear fuels don’t include environmental costs

28. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? 1) We can heat buildings & water with solar energy a) Passive solar heating: absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a well-insulated structure without the need for pumps or fans (cheapest way to heat small buildings)

29. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? b) Active solar heating: absorbs sun by pumping a heat-absorbing fluid through special collectors

30. Fig. 16-12a, p. 410

31. Fig. 16-12b, p. 410

32. Fig. 16-13, p. 410 Rooftop solar hot water heaters

33. Fig. 16-14, p. 411

34. Case Study: The Rocky Mountain Institute— Solar Powered Office and Home pg 412  Location: Snowmass, CO (U.S.)  No conventional heating system  Heating bills: <$50/year  How is this possible?

35. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? 2) We can cool building naturally a) Open windows & use fans to keep the air moving b) Living roofs help keep buildings cool c) Superinsulation & high-efficiency windows d) other methods 1. block summer sun 2. Use light-colored roofs 3. Suspend reflective insulating foil in the attic 4. Place earth tubes underground 5) Use geothermal heat pumps

36. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? 3) Use sunlight to produce high-temperature heat & electricity a) Solar thermal systems concentrate & transform energy into thermal energy used directly or to heat water and produce steam to generate electricity b) Central receiver system: uses computers to control mirrors (helistats) to track sun and focus sunlight on the heat collector

37. Fig. 16-15b, p. 411

38. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? c) Sunlight collected on oil-filled pipes running through the middle of a large array of curved solar collectors d) Small scale: solar cookers can concentrate sunlight to cook food

39. Fig. 16-16, p. 412

40. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? 4) Solar cells a) Photovoltaic (PV) cells: solar cells, convert solar energy into electrical energy b) most are thin wafers of silicon that function as semiconductors c) These can be connected to existing electrical grid systems or batteries that store the energy until needed d) these have no moving parts, are safe & quite, no greenhouse gases

41. Fig. 16-18a, p. 413

42. Fig. 16-18b, p. 413

43. Fig. 16-19, p. 413

44. Fig. 16-20, p. 414

45. 16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy? e) High cost is the key problem, but it is cheaper than building power plants & electrical grids in developing countries f) Page 416: Table 16-1 5) The solar power industry is expanding a) currently less than 0.2% of world’s electricity but production is growing b) could provide 16% by 2040 c) installing systems on 4% of desert land could generate electricity to meet the world’s annual demand

46. Fig. 16-21, p. 414

47. 16-4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing Electricity from the Water Cycle 1) Hydropower a) Most common approach: dams across rivers b) World’s leading renewable energy source to produce electricity and 3 rd cheapest when including environmental costs c) Only about 13% of world’s potential hydropower has been developed 2) Tides and waves: Using water as it flows in/out with tides, but has limited possibility (few suitable sites, high costs, corrosion & damage of equipment

48. Fig. 16-22, p. 415

49. 16-5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing Electricity from Wind 1) Wind energy a) Modern wind turbines can tap into stronger, more reliable, & less turbulent winds at higher altitudes b) They generate 20X more electricity than those from 1980’s c) It is the world’s second fastest growing source of energy d) Capturing 1/5 could supply 7X the amount of electricity currently used in the world e) key is to develop modern grids to transfer the electricity

50. Fig. 16-23, p. 417

51. Fig. 16-24, p. 417

52. 16-5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing Electricity from Wind f) Offshore wind farms cost more, cause visual pollution, but this may not be a problem if they are put further from shore g) DOE calls N. & S. Dakota, Kansas and Texas the Saudi Arabia of wind power 2) Wind power is growing rapidly 3) Challenges a) May be the cheapest way to produce electricity in a few years

53. 16-5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Producing Electricity from Wind b) Drawbacks 1. best location is far from cities 2. Need to upgrade electrical grid systems 3. May require backup when winds die down 4. Kill as many as 40,000 birds & bats each year (being solved and isn’t the highest killer)

54. Fig. 16-25, p. 418

55. 16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass as an Energy Source 1) We can get energy from solid biomass a) Biomass: plant & animal wastes burned directly or converted into biofuels b) Used mostly for heating & cooking, but can be used for industry & electricity generating c) Fuelwood crisis: about 2.7 billion people lack access to enough wood d) Increasing biomass supply 1. Planting fast growing trees, shrubs, grasses & hyacinths in biomass plantations

56. 16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass as an Energy Source 2. Using crop risdues 3. Using animal manure 2) Converting plants to biofuels a) Biodiesel & ethanol are produced from plants and can be used in place of diesel & gasoline b) Biofuel advantages over gas/diesel from oil 1. grown anywhere 2. no net CO 2 increase 3. available now, east to store & transport through existing networks

57. 16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass as an Energy Source (1) 4. Can be used with little modification of vehicles c) Problems of large scale biofuel-crop farming 1. decrease biodiversity 2. increase soil degradation, erosion & nutrient leaching 3. Push small farmer off their land 4. increased food prices Case study: is biodiesel the answer Page 423 Case study: is ethanol the answer Page 424

58. Fig. 16-26, p. 420

59. Fig. 16-27, p. 421

60. Fig. 16-30, p. 423

61. 16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy? 1) Geothermal energy a) Using heat stored in ground to heat/cool buildings and produce electricity b) Using 1% would provide 250 X more energy than that stored in all the oil and natural gas reserves c) Heat pumps: 1. use temp differences between surface and underground 2. Winter: pipes circulate fluid to bring in heat 3. Summer: reverse, removes heat from home

62. 16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy? d) Hydrothermal reservoirs: 1. deep, concentrated energy 2. Wells are dug to release steam or water used to heat building, provide hot water produce electricity 3. Water can then be pumped back into reservoir e) US & Philippines account for half of the geothermal electricity f) US is the largest, the Geysers in San Francisco is the largest plant

63. 16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy? g) 2 main problems 1. Cost is too high except in most concentrated and accessible sources 2. Could be depleted if heat is removed faster than it is replaced h) Dry hot rock is another potential source, where water would be pumped into ground and heated

64. Fig. 16-31, p. 425

65. Fig. 16-33, p. 426

66. 16-8 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen as an Energy Source 1) Hydrogen is promising fuel, but with challenges a) Most attention has been of fuel cells that combine hydrogen gas & oxygen gas to produce electricity and emit water vapor into the atmosphere. b) Would eliminate most air pollution and reduce global warming c) Provides more energy per gram than any other fuel

67. Fig. 16-34a, p. 427

68. The Hydrogen Revolution Fig. 18-31 p. 403

69. 16-8 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen as an Energy Source d) What's the catch 1. H is chemically locked up in water & organic compounds so it takes energy to release it 2. Fuel cells are the best way to use H, but are expensive 3. If fossil fuel is used to release the hydrogen, it doesn’t help with pollution issues e) it can be stored in pressurized tanks, solid metal hydrides and sodium borohydride g) Most automobile companies have prototypes

70. Fig. 16-35, p. 428

71. 16-9 How Can We Make a Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future? 430

72. Fig. 16-36, p. 430

73. Case Study: California’s Efforts to Improve Energy Efficiency page 433  High electricity costs  Reduce energy waste  Use of energy-efficient devices  Strict building standards for energy efficiency

74. Page 434