1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

2. Civil Right Movement Early vs. Modern Civil Rights Movement Searching for an Identity and Leadership Leaders, Activities, and Organizations

3. Civil Right Movement Plessy v Ferguson – 1896 –“ 14 th amendment does not prevent private organization from discriminating ” – Legalized Jim Crow Laws – Segregated accommodations were legal provided they were equal –“ separate but equal ”

4. Civil Right Movement Booker T. Washington – Not for social equality – Remain apart – Founder of Tuskegee Institution in 1891 – Focus – industrial education/learn a skill – Vocational jobs to improve economic situation – Problem?

5. Civil Right Movement W.E.B. Du Bois – Ph.D. from Harvard – Founder of the NAACP in 1910 Grew out of the Niagara Movement – Never except inferiority – Use courts to fight discrimination – Rejected Washington ’ s ideas –“ The Talented Tenth ”

6. Civil Right Movement Marcus Garvey – Black nationalist – United Negro Improvement Association in 1914 – Stressed racial separation from white – Black only businesses etc. – Encouraged a return to Africa

7. Civil Right Movement In the 1950s – 15 million African Americans living in the United States – 2/3 living in the south – Jim Crows laws ruled their lives – Legal segregation in schools, parks, transportation, hospitals etc

8. Civil Right Movement Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) – Bring about change through peaceful measures – Founded by James Farmers in 1942 James Farmer 1920-1999

9. Civil Right Movement Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas – May 17, 1954 – Supreme Court unanimously decided segregation violates the 14 th amendment Brown Family

10. Civil Right Movement Chief Justice Earl Warren 1. Education plays a vital role in training children for citizenship, employment and leisure-time activities 2. Separating black children from others solely on the basis of race “ generates a feeling of inferiority that may affect them in a way unlikely to be undone ” 3. therefore, separate educational facilities are inherently unequal – Reversed Plessy v Ferguson – Thurgood Marshall argues the case

11. Civil Right Movement Emmett Till – Killed in 1955 – Brings the problem to the attention of the nation

12. Civil Right Movement Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956 – Rosa Parks “ mother of the civil rights movement ” refused to leave seat for a white man – Arrested for violating the city ’ s segregation law – Year long boycott of the bus company – Calls by pastors of church to lead resistance – City agreed to change the law to allow black to sit anywhere – Event produced a leader, an organization, technique Martin Luther King Jr. SCLC Non- violent civil disobedience

13. Civil Right Movement Integration at Little Rock 1957 – Orval Faubus, gov. of Arkansas, mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine African-Americans students from attending – Direct challenge to federal authority – Eisenhower sent in army (paratroopers) to restore order and protect the “ Little Rock Nine ”

14. Civil Right Movement Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina – Greensboro four – Feb. 1 st Bought items at Woolworth than sat down to order coffee – Not served – Result July desegregated lunch counters Over 70,000 people participated in sit-in through out the South Press they received

15. Civil Right Movement Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) – Grew out of SCLC – For students – Leaders was Robert Moses – was organized to advance the "sit-in" movement

16. Civil Right Movement Freedom Rides – Spring of 1961 – SNCC members joined with activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a New York-based civil rights organization to encourage the Freedom Rides – Placed white and black students on interstate busses to test the new court decision to desegregate waiting rooms and dining facilities at bus stops – In deep South response was violent – Attorney General Robert Kennedy assigned federal marshals to protect riders

17. Civil Right Movement Integration of “ Ole Miss ” – 29 yr old veteran James Meredith – Arrival touched off riots Mostly KKK members NOT students Gov Ross Barnett refused to allow to register Announced state laws were superior to federal laws – Pres. Kennedy federalized Miss. National Guard – Took 400 Marshals and 3000 troops to enroll him – Meredith remained and graduated in 1963 – Cost 200 lives and 4 million in taxpayer ’ s $

18. Civil Right Movement University of Alabama – Vivian Malone – Gov George Wallace stood in doorway – National Guard was federalized – Wallace walked away

19. Civil Right Movement Birmingham, Alabama – Rev. Shuttlesworth asked MLK to come to city – Most segregated big city in America – Test nonviolence – It was a planned non-violent campaign – Police Commissioner “ Bull ” Connor decided to crush the protest – Police used fire hoses, police dogs and clubs – TV carried scene to the nation

20. Civil Right Movement MLK arrested – Leaders felt MLK was pushing too hard/too fast – Response “ Letters from Birmingham ” – Kids march, 1000 arrested – Result End to segregation in Birmingham HUGE victory Kennedy on TV asked Congress to pass a Civil Rights Bill Nation saw racism in the South at its worst

21. Civil Right Movement March on Washington (Aug 1963) – To support and pressure Kennedy – 250,00 African Americans marched on nation ’ s capital –“ I have a Dream ”

22. Civil Right Movement Civil Rights Act – Three months later Kennedy was assassinated – Bill wasn ’ t close to passing Southern Congressmen had a filibuster going – Johnson addressed Congress “ …couldn ’ t more eloquently honor Pres. Kennedy ’ s memory ” – Passed in June 1964

23. Civil Right Movement Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Elections: Prohibited election officials from applying different standards to blacks and whites voting – Public Accommodations: Forbade discrimination in public places Forbade discrimination in government owned or operated facilities – Federally Assisted Programs Allowed the government to withhold aid from states involving discrimination – Employment Prohibited discriminatory practices by employers, agencies, and labor union No discriminatory hiring on basis of race, sex, religion or nationality

24. Civil Right Movement 24 th Amendment – Passed in 1964 – Prohibited the use of poll taxes as a requirement for voting in a federal election

25. Civil Right Movement Voting Act of 1965 – A result of Selma, Alabama incident – State troops assaulted demonstrators as they marched to the state capital – President Johnson “ We shall over come ” – Outlawed literacy test – Federal examiners in to register voters where irregularities existed – Signed 100 years after the Civil War ended

26. Civil Right Movement Results of Civil Rights – Right to vote South would never be the same again Served in politics at all level – Segregation became illegal – Ended an Era Civil Rights campaigns in the South led by peaceful moderates Lets go North!

27. "Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence multiplies violence and toughness multiplies toughness in a descending spiral of destruction. The chain reaction of evil………must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation." » Martin Luther King Jr.