2.  Urbanization  Romanticism  William Wordsworth  Ludwig von Beethoven  Realism  Charles Dickens  Leo Tolstoy  Henrick Ibsen  Impressionism

3.  Raw material were sent to factories  New products manufactured in factories  Products distributed to buyers  Cities needed › Factories › Large work force › Reliable transportation network › Stores, offices, warehouses

4.  Lowell, Massachusetts one of the first to have all  Growth by textile mill  Employed young women from countryside and new Europeans  Meatpacking in Chicago  Population grew from 300,000 in 1850 to 1.7 million by 1900

5.  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for steel  Lively and fast paced › Streetcars, horse drawn carriages › Merchants › New construction  Population density affected health › Smoky air from coal › Smog kills in 1873 and 1879

6.  1800’s people kept arriving to avoid › Hunger › Political oppression › discrimination  1870 – 1900 12 million people immigrated  1890 42% of New Yorkers were foreign born

7.  Most lived a miserable life on arrival  Jacob Riss describe New York’s apartments and tenements

8.  Cities modernized their water and sewer systems  Plumbing allowed families clean drinking water, toilets and bathtubs  Electricity- vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, electric stoves

9.  Living space became scarce1883 William Le Baron built the first skyscraper in Chicago › 10 stories tall › 4 years later the high speed elevator was invented  1863 London opened the first subway

10.  1860’s Napoleon III created parks  People in Paris had a place for healthy recreation  Frederick Olmstead designed parks for the United States

11.  People moved out to new areas called suburbs  Less crowded, cleaner, quieter  Public transportation helped them grow  1800’s streetcars and ferries linked cities to suburbs  Later were bus and railroad lines

12.  Increased industrialization increased the need for education  Factories needed managers, engineers  Armed forces grew needed leaders who knew about the world

13.  People became involved with Politics  1870 governments passed laws to educate children  Most countries only required elementary education  Some governments funded high schools

14.  Lower class kids only stayed in school as required by law  Many quit to go to work  Vocational and technical schools gave working class more opportunities  1881 Booker T. Washington founded a school to train African Americans to be teachers

15.  Girls in lower classes lagged behind  Most girls did not go beyond elementary  Few girls in high school took science and math  Women’s colleges started to open

16.  Starting printing newspapers  Stories published in weekly segments kept readers coming back  Pick a newspaper that agreed with your view  Reporting of foreign affairs by telegraph  Made up to date coverage available

17.  Soccer, Football, baseball became popular  Railroads could transport sports fans  Working class families could take the train for a vacation  Seaside resorts became popular

18.  1800’s governments built concert halls and theatres  Public funding made tickets affordable  Museums opened- Louvre in Paris

19.  1800’s Romanticism- emphasis on intuition and feeling  Reaction to enlightenment rationalism and early abuses of Industrial Revolution  Major characteristics › Love of nature › Affection for past › Importance of imagination

20.  William Wordsworth- expressed romantic spirit through poetry  Ludwig van Beethoven- celebrated human freedom in his work  Mid 1800’s realism › Revealed details of everyday life › No matter how unpleasant

21.  Charles Dickens wrote Hard Times about the struggle of England’s poor › Pollution › Exploitation › Miseries of industrialization  Leo Tolstoy- wrote War and Peace showed war as horrible and chaotic

22.  Henrik Iibsen- A Doll’s House about unfair treatment of women within families  1860 Impressionism  New way of looking at the world  Impression of the scene using light, vivid color, and motion, rather than realistic details