1. Evaluating the Early Childhood Development (ECD) Program in the Philippines Jere Behrman (U. of Pennsylvania) Paulita Duazo (OPS, U. of San Carlos) Sharon Ghuman (U. of Michigan) Socorro Gultiano (OPS, U. of San Carlos) Elizabeth King (World Bank) The ECD Study Team (Office of Population Studies, University of San Carlos, Cebu) World Bank April 5, 2005

2. Background Health and nutrition at young ages affect important outcomes in childhood and later life ECD programs increasingly seen as ways to: Reduce malnutrition Reduce infectious disease Provide better pre-school learning environments Few evaluations of ECD programs in developing countries World Bank Research Fund Project with Harold Alderman PI on Uganda, Bolivia and the Philippines Behrman, Jere R., Yingmei Cheng and Petra Todd, 2004, “Evaluating Preschool Programs when Length of Exposure to the Program Varies: A Nonparametric Approach,” Review of Economics and Statistics 86:1, 108-132.

3. 2002 ECCD Act: Objectives  To institutionalize a national program and a system for service delivery for children 0-6  To provide capability building for parents and caregivers  To raise public awareness about the importance of early child care and development  To mobilize resources and establish viable financing mechanisms for ECCD To ensure survival and promote the total development of children, particularly those who are most vulnerable and disadvantaged (formalized in R.A. 8980/2002)

4.  Reduce by 30% under-5 mortality  Decrease by 40% proportion of underweight children  Reduce by 30% proportion of children under 6 with anemia  Increase to 90% children aged 12-18 months fully immunized  Improve psychosocial & cognitive development of children  Increase to 75% children ages 3-5 attending daycare centers  Increase to 90% primary school completion rate for Grade 1 entrants Quantitative ECD Goals

5. Millennium Development Goals East Asia and Pacific Countries By 2015, reduce 1990 child mortality by two-thirds

6. Millennium Development Goals By 2015, halve 1990 child malnutrition rates and 90% of children immunized for measles

7. Millennium Development Goals By 2015, Net Primary Enrollment = 100%

8. The Filipino ECD Program Goal: improve the psycho-social development and nutrition of young children Began with pilot projects in 1999 Three regions Covers 10 provinces, 2.5 million households

9. ECD Program Mechanisms Support to all provinces for select MCH programs: Immunization Management of Child Illness Micronutrient Malnutrition Control Parent Effectiveness Seminars Grants to pre-selected municipalities to invest in service-provider packages Implementation Support

10. Service Provider Specific Components  Key Providers:  Midwife  Day Care Worker  Child Development Worker  Day Care Mother  Services Supported: Food and micronutrient supplementation Growth monitoring Child development monitoring and activities Educating parents Primary health care

11. ECD Evaluation Study Aim: To evaluate Filipino ECD program through collection of longitudinal data in program and non- program regions Baseline: representative sample of newborns and children below age 5 (N = 7,925) Two rounds of follow up data Evaluation analysis based on children who remained in same sample barangay (N = 6,693)

12. Figure 1. ECD Study Regions Region 6 Region 7 Region 8 Program Areas: Regions 6 and 7 Control Area: Region 8

13. The Evaluation Study Sample Region 6: 24 municipalities 96 barangays Region 7: 14 municipalities 96 barangays Region 8: 57 municipalities 96 barangays

14. Schedule of Data Collection ROUND 1: April 2001 - November 2001 (8 months) Region 6Jun 2001 - Oct 2001 Region 7Apr 2001 - Oct 2001 Region 8Aug 2001 - Nov 2001 ROUND 2: September 2002 - March 2003 (7 months) Region 6Sep 2002 - Mar 2003 Region 7Sep 2002 - Mar 2003 Region 8Sep 2002 - Feb 2003 ROUND 3: September 2003 - January 2004 (5 months) Region 6Sep 2003 - Jan 2004 Region 7Sep 2003 - Jan 2004 Region 8Sep 2003 - Dec 2003

15. Response Rates: Households NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDSRESPONSE RATE ROUND 1 ROUND2 ROUND3 R1-2 R1-3 REG 6 1,456 1,377 1,330 94.6 91.3 REG 7 1,959 1,849 1,817 94.4 92.8 REG 8 1,909 1,699 1,670 89.0 87.5 TOTAL 5,324 4.925 4,817 92.5 90.5 N.B. excludes migrants outside sample barangays (if incl., RP=92.8)

16. NUMBER OF CHILDREN RESPONSE RATE ROUND 1 ROUND2 ROUND3 R1-2 R1-3 REG 6 2,115 1,968 1,877 93.0 88.7 REG 7 2,913 2,694 2,639 92.5 90.6 REG 8 2,894 2,543 2,646 87.9 85.2 TOTAL 7,922 7,205 6,982 90.9 88.1 Response Rates: Children N.B. excludes migrants outside sample barangays (if incl., RP=92.1)

17. Evaluation Methodology Relation of Interest: ∆Y p -∆Y np = a(∆P p -∆P np ) + b(∆X p -∆X np ) + c(∆Z p -∆Z np ) + (∆e p -∆e np ) where ∆Y = Y 3 – Y 1, etc. Y = ECD outcomes P = receive ECD program NP = not receive ECD program X = child, family, community variables Z = unobserved variables e = error term

18. Participation in child feeding programs Percentage of children 0-4 years who participated in feeding programs 20012003Difference Program regions8.517.48.9 Control region8.14.9-3.2 Diff in Diff Impact a significance at p<.05 12.1 a

19. Time After intervention Before intervention For example, participation in infant feeding program Legend: Region 8 Regions 6 & 7 Counterfactual Estimated diff-in- diff impact is 12.1 8.5 8.1 17.4 4.9

20. BUT NOT EXPERIMENT WITH RANDOM ASSIGMENT SO DIFFERENCES IN TREATMENT VS CONTROLS: PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF PROGRAM MUNICIPALITIES BY INCOME CLASS There were 9 program municipalities in Region 7 during Round 1 (1NR).

21. PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS WITH COLLEGE EDUCATION PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS WITH COLLEGE EDUCATION N.B. Households present in all three rounds

22. PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS RESIDING IN URBAN AREAS N.B. Households present in all three rounds

23. PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH HOUSES MADE OF STRONG MATERIALS PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH HOUSES MADE OF STRONG MATERIALS N.B. Households present in all three rounds

24. PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH REFRIGERATOR N.B. Households present in all three rounds