1. Karen Mossberger, University of Illinois at Chicago Caroline J. Tolbert, University of Iowa William Franko, University of Iowa Allison Hamilton, University of Iowa Chicago study conducted with support of the Partnership for a Connected Illinois and the Broadband Technology Opportunities Program, commissioned by City of Chicago National data from Digital Cities: The Internet and the Geography of Opportunity Mossberger, Tolbert and Franko, Oxford University Press, forthcoming

2.  At the national and community levels, spillover benefits for economy, education, health, and more (National Broadband Plan, FCC 2010)  At the individual level, digital citizenship is the ability to participate in society online (Mossberger, Tolbert and McNeal 2008) Both suggest that it is the activities that broadband enables that matter and that we should measure 2

3. Requires regular and effective use of the Internet Regular access Quality of access - broadband speeds that enable a range of uses, activities online Skills for effective use  Technical competence  Information literacy in online environment  Ability to search for, evaluate, apply information  Basic literacy, critical thinking, educational competencies Less-connected: Internet users who do not have home broadband – use public access or other venues outside home, smartphones, dial-up 3

4.  Most frequent use occurs at home  87% w/ home access use daily vs. 7% without home access (Chicago study, Mossberger & Tolbert 2009)  Frequency of use, ability to explore encourages skill & greater range of uses  Home use associated with human capital activities online, controlling for other factors (Hassani 2006)  Home adoption predicted higher wages in longitudinal study (DiMaggio & Bonikowski 2008) 4

5. Are smartphones closing the gap in Internet access? Are they replacing home broadband?  For most, smartphones supplement home broadband (Horrigan 2012)  In 2009, only 4% of Americans without broadband at home used Smartphones to access the Internet  11% of Latinos and 7% of African-Americans were smartphone-reliant Internet users (Mossberger, Tolbert and Franko 2012)  Limited/different functions (Horrigan 2012)  Second-class access? (Crawford 2011)  Now 46% of American adults have smartphones, and adoption for African-Americans and Latinos similar to national averages (Horrigan 2012; Smith 2012) 5

6. Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis, FCC 2009 survey African-Americans Latinos Less-educated Low-income Youth Some differences by place 6

7.  Mobile-only users younger than other less-connected, but share other common demographics of disadvantaged  Urban less-connected tend to have no home access  Rural less-connected more likely to have dial-up  Spanish-dominant and urban Latinos less likely to use Internet at all  Less-connected are low-income in minority subsamples Multivariate models, FCC 2009 7

8.  What difference does more limited access make for digital citizenship and social benefits of broadband? Measuring activities and skill Measuring community impact 8

9. Less ConnectedHome BroadbandDifference Less Connected Economic and Political Activities local or community news 5580-25 local, state or federal government website 5779-22 national or international news 5277-25 information about or apply for job 4560-15 information from a government agency on health/safety 3554-10 class for credit toward a degree 1224-12 online banking 3570-35 FCC 2009, Comparison of Activities Online, Predicted Probability 9

10. 10 No Home Broadband/ Unconnected Home Broadband Mobile Access Only Difference Mobile v Broadband Use Internet to get news online 2476 0 Use Internet to get community news 144644-2 Use Internet to get information about politics 206962-7 Use Internet to do work for a job 204537-8 Use Internet to get information or apply for job 215672+16 Use Internet to find health information 348680-6 Use Internet to find information on transit 236764-3 Note: All other variables set at their mean value. Chicago 2011, Comparison of Activities Online, Predicted Probability

11. 2009 FCC Study  Less-connected: less skill than home broadband adopters  Controlling for other factors, mobile and home broadband similar only for news & e-govt.  Mobile does not compare to home broadband for activities online even for minorities and poor 2011 Chicago Study  Mobile-only users: more skill than those with no personal access, less than home broadband adopters  Mobile-only users: higher rates of entertainment use than home broadband adopters Home broadband still conveys advantages for most human capital activities online 11

12. At individual level -  Latinos less likely to have broadband than non-Hispanic whites  African-Americans as likely as whites to have broadband, when controlling for neighborhood  African-Americans more likely to have smartphones than whites (not mobile-only access) At neighborhood level – Residents of neighborhoods with high % of  African Americans  Latinos  Older population less likely to have either broadband or smartphones But in high-poverty neighborhoods more likely to have smartphones (not mobile-only access) Gaps are not closing in poor neighborhoods, with smartphones or broadband 12

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15.  Measuring activities online demonstrates need for regular access/home access for policy, including Universal Service reform  Home broadband adoption matters for digital citizenship and collective social benefits  Mobile-only users & other less-connected do less online, have lower levels of skill, offering evidence that this is second-class access  Smartphone-only users, however, now have highest use for job search and some advantages compared to those with no personal access  Job search for smartphone users and low-income communities demonstrate motivation to go online  Neighborhood context matters for technology disparities, and may exacerbate existing inequalities in access to jobs, health care, and more  Measuring activities online at the neighborhood level shows the impact of broadband adoption for communities 15