1. Basic Principles of Landscape Design

2. Landscaping combines elements of art and science to create a functional, aesthetically pleasing extension of indoor living to the outdoors. One initial purpose of landscape design is to blend man's technology (house or building) into the natural surroundings.

3. ART
A. COLOR
--colors are combined into color schemes for practical applications
monochromatic =
different tints and shades of one color
analogous =
combine colors which are adjacent or side-by-side on the color wheel
complementary =
combine colors directly across the color wheel

5. ART
B. LINE
line is inferred by bed arrangement and the way these beds fit or flow together
also created vertically by changes in plant height and the height of tree and shrub canopies
straight lines tend to be forceful, structural and stable and direct the observer's eye to a point faster than curved lines
curved or free-flowing lines are sometimes described as smooth, graceful or gentle and create a relaxing, progressive, moving and natural feeling

7. 1. Rectilinear Line Form Form No arching or curved lines;
All lines are straight;
All lines are either parallel or perpendicular to one another.
Style
The intersections of this grid pattern dictate gathering spaces;
Rigid style; may create the feeling of cold and unwelcoming;
Very formal style; typically symmetrical.

10. 2. Arc and Tangent Line Form
A series of arcs connected by straight-line tangents;
Only two types of line segments: straight tangents and arcs;
Arcs may be either circular or elliptical.
Style
Less formal; may be symmetrical;
Straight-line tangents promote movement;
Curves increase the overall flow within the design; arc areas promote pause and gathering.

12. 3. Arc and Radii Line Form Form
Two major line segments, straight lines and arcs which are a portion of circles and ellipses;
All radii must intersect at right angles, or run parallel or perpendicular to each other;
Arcs can be of any length and size.
Style
Formal style due to the grid pattern that develops;
Arcs tend to promote gathering spaces;
Straight-line segments connecting arcs will often promote movement between spaces.

14. 4. Arc and Arc Line Form Form Utilizes only one type of line segment;
Line segments are always portions of arcs, either circles or ellipses;
Circular arcs will have consistent radii.
Style
Informal overall design concept;
Configuration of overlapping circles and ellipses promotes sharing of space;
Greater space within an arc promotes its use as a gathering space.

16. 5. Curvilinear / Bio-morphic / Organic Line Form
Line segments consist of only one type of spatial edge;
All spatial lines are curving;
All arcs have consistently changing radii.
Style
Very informal; natural, flowing lines;
Reflects forms found in nature;
Movement of free-form lines in the landscape offers more possibility for exploration.

18. ART
C. FORM
form is basically the shape and structure of a plant or mass of plants
structures also have form and should be considered as such when designing the area around them.

20. ART
D. TEXTURE
describes the surface quality of an object than can be seen or felt structures also have form and should be considered as such when designing the area around them
surfaces in the landscape includes buildings, walks, patios, groundcovers and plants

21. ART
E. SCALE
refers to the size of an object or objects in relation to the surroundings surfaces in the landscape includes buildings, walks, patios, groundcovers and plants
size refers to definite measurements while scale describes the size relationship between adjacent objects
the size of plantings and buildings compared on the human scale must be considered

23. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN A. UNITY
means that all parts of the composition or landscape go together; they fit
can be achieved by using mass planting and repetition

24. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN B. BALANCE
symmetrical balance is achieved when one side of the design is a mirror image of the other side
asymmetrical balance uses different forms, colors and textures to obtain balance of visual attraction

26. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN C. TRANSITION gradual change
transition can be obtained by the arrangement of objects with varying textures, forms, or sizes in a logical sequential order

27. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN D. PROPORTION
refers to the size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the design as a whole
relates to people and their activities

29. STEPS IN DESIGN 1. Develop a site plan
--it is difficult to visualize certain aspects of design without putting it to scale on paper

30. STEPS IN DESIGN 2. Conduct a site analysis
--it is difficult to visualize certain aspects of design without putting it to scale on paper
existing plants
natural factors and features
--examples include building orientation, soil conditions, rainfall distribution, seasonal wind pattern and micro-climatic conditions
land form

32. STEPS IN DESIGN 3. Assess needs
a landscape should be an outdoor extension of indoor living areas
should be functional and provide space for activities

33. STEPS IN DESIGN 4. Locate and design activity areas
(1) place outdoor areas in relation to indoor activity areas; the outdoor living or entertaining area should be an extension what goes on indoors
(2) arrange areas relative to the activities in each and activities on adjoining property

34. STEPS IN DESIGN 4. Locate and design activity areas
bubble diagrams are used to define spaces within the landscape
each space will receive specific attention during the landscape design process
spaces are frequently defined by the function that will take place in them

37. STEPS IN DESIGN 5. Plant selection and placement
plants are selected on the basis of climatic adaptability to the microclimate of the location, plant architecture and availability
desirable plants are those resistant to or tolerant of pests like mites, scale, nematodes, borers, root rots, etc.
plants in some locations must be tolerant of human abuse, air pollution and animals.

38. Dewayne L. Ingram, former professor and extension horticulturalist, Environmental Horticulture Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville FL

39. A more sustainable order of considerations would be:
Functional
Maintainable
Environmentally Sound
Cost Effective
Visually Pleasing

40. 1. FUNCTIONAL
A functional landscape allows for the easy accomplishment of movement, work, recreation and leisure that occurs in and around the landscape.

42. 2. MAINTAINABLE
The functional and maintainable considerations are closely related. A functional design has more to do with the users of the landscape while a landscape that is maintainable is easier for landscape managers to take care of
A maintainable landscape also reduces the need for inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, equipment, water and other things.

44. 3. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
A philosophy of "right plant right place" as well as "right plant right purpose" can dictate the amount of environmental, disease, and insect stress that a plant can tolerate.