1. Weather Forecasting Yean Lee Low 6 th December 2010

2. OVERVIEW Introduction Objective of Weather Forecasting What Types of Weather Forecasting Exists? The Makings Of A Weather Forecast Limits In Weather Forecasting Sources 2/29

3. Introduction What is weather? Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy (According to Wikipedia) What is forecasting? Forecasting is a process which has as its objective the prediction of future events or conditions. More precisely, forecasting attempts to predict change (Hans Levenbach) 3/29

4. Introduction What is weather forecasting? Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location (According to Wikipedia) 4/29

5. Objective of Weather Forecasting Weather alerts and advisories - serious thunderstorm, tornado and flood warning Air traffic -Fog can prevent many aircraft from landing and taking off. Thunderstorms, strong winds, and lightning, all of which can cause serious damage to an aircraft in flight. Volcanic ash a significant problem, as aircraft can lose engine power within ash clouds. 5/29

6. Objective of Weather Forecasting Marine - Important to fisherman especially weather in the sea – wind, waves Agriculture -Farmers rely on weather forecasts to decide what work to do on any particular day. Prolonged periods of dryness can ruin cotton, wheat, and corn crops. 6/29

7. What Types of Weather Forecasting Exists? Weather forecasts for can be grouped into: Short range forecast (up to 48 hours) Extended forecast (up to 5 days) Long range forecast (30days to the season) 7/29

8. The Makings Of A Weather Forecast (1/2) WHAT WE NEED FOR PREPARING A USEFUL FORECAST? Assess current weather situation (“Initial condition”) - Before we can look into future, understand what is happening now Digest observational information (“Data assimilation”) - Bring observed data into “standard” format 8/29

9. The Makings Of A Weather Forecast (2/2) Project initial state into future (“Numerical Weather Prediction” (NWP) model forecasting ) - Based on laws of physics Apply weather forecast information (“User applications”) - Statistical post-processing 9/29

10. Observing The Current State – Surface-Based Systems Land surface - SYNOP station SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12) used for reporting weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically sent every six hours on shortwave using Radioteletype. A report consists of groups of numbers (and slashes where data is not available) describing general weather information, such as the temperature, barometric pressure and visibility at a weather station. 10/29

11. Observing The Current State – Surface-Based Systems 11/29 http://www.mesotech.com/ products/systems/synop.htm SYNOP station General structure of a SYNOP message

12. Observing The Current State – Surface-Based Systems 12/29 http://rxcontrol.free.fr/SynopCtl/ SYNOP decoder Active/X - This Active/X package has been written in C language to deliver a very high processing speed. It has been designed to decode the SYNOP messages.

13. Observing The Current State – Surface-Based Systems Ocean – buoy Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the world's oceans. They measure parameters such as air temperature at the ocean surface, water temperature, wave height, dominant wave period, barometric pressure, wind speed, and wind direction. The buoys transmit this data via satellite communications to meteorological centers for use in weather forecasting and climate study. Weather buoys can always be recognized by their yellow color and flashing yellow light at night. 13/29

14. Observing The Current State – Surface-Based Systems 14/29 Weather buoy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy Example of Buoy data. meted.ucar.edu

15. Remote sensing can be defined as the collection of data about an object from a distance. Geographers use the technique of remote sensing to monitor or measure phenomena found in the Earth's. Remote sensing of the environment by geographers is usually done with the help of mechanical devices known as remote sensors. These gadgets have a greatly improved ability to receive and record information about an object without any physical contact. Often, these sensors are positioned away from the object of interest by using helicopters, planes, and satellites. Observing The Current State – Remotely Sensed “IMAGES”, Instead Of “DATA POINTS” 15/29

16. 16/29 http://www.tropicalweather.net/hurricane_and_tropical_weather_message_board/viewtopic.php?f=57&t=957 Satellite imagery Observing The Current State – Remotely Sensed “IMAGES”, Instead Of “DATA POINTS”

17. 17/29 Wind speed ( Radar) Information on the movement of objects either toward or away from the radar can be used to estimate the speed of the wind. Radar Example of wind speed image taken from Radar

18. How Observations Are Used? Data Must Be Moulded Into “MODEL” Standard Format 18/29 Data assimilation Data assimilation is a concept involve any method for combining observations of variables like temperature, and atmospheric pressure into numerical models as the ones used to predict weather. In weather forecasting there are 2 main types of data assimilation: 3 dimensional (3DDA) and 4 dimensional (4DDA). In 3DDA only those observations available at the time of analysis are used. In 4DDA the past observations are included (thus, time dimension added). The analysis and forecasts are best thought of as probability distributions.

19. How Current State Gets Projected Into Future ? Numerical Weather Predictions Numerical weather prediction uses current weather conditions as input into (Mathematical equations) mathematical models of the atmosphere to predict the weather. The equations involved in these models are complex and involve multiple atmospheric variables.This is impossible to use without supercomputers 19/29

20. How Current State Gets Projected Into Future ? Numerical Weather Predictions 20/29 Numerical model calculations on 3-dimensional grids

21. Apply weather forecast information (“User applications”) Accuweather Mobile Software 21/29

22. Apply weather forecast information (“User applications”) Weather widgets for Android phone 22/29

23. Apply weather forecast information (“User applications”) Weather Center for Windows XP/Vista/7 23/29

24. Apply weather forecast information (“User applications”) Weather Forecast from webpage 24/29http://new.meteo.pl/index_en.php

25. Limits In Weather Forecasting Initial state is imperfect –Weather forecasts lose skill because of the growth of errors in the initial conditions (initial uncertainties) and because numerical models describe the laws of physics only approximately (model uncertainties). As a further complication, predictability (i.e. error growth) is flow dependent. 25/29 More predictable Less predictable The Lorenz 3D chaos model illustrates how predictability depends on the initial conditions Initial state

26. Limits In Weather Forecasting 26/29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect

27. Limits In Weather Forecasting Numerical model is imperfect – Limited resolution ~Using a finer resolution for the model grid will more accurately reflect the actual atmosphere, and the prediction will more accurately forecast the weather. But the finer the resolution, the more data that has to be gathered and numbers that have to be crunched. ~So, in practice, models that cover large areas (e.g whole Northern hemisphere) have rough resolution than those that cover smaller areas (e.g the USA) and so are not going to be as accurate in the small scale. 27/29

28. Sources Book : “The Beginning Forecaster-The Forecasting Process Through Data Analysis” by HANS LEVENBACH, JAMES P. C http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction http://wwwt.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/gmb/ens/index.html http://www.windfinder.com/forecasts/forecast_models.htm http://www.mesotech.com/ products/systems/synop.htm http://rxcontrol.free.fr/SynopCtl meted.ucar.edu http://www.tropicalweather.net/hurricane_and_tropical_weather_ message_board/viewtopic.php?f=57&t=957 http://new.meteo.pl/index_en.php http://www.scn.org/~bm733/infaq.html 28/29

29. THANK YOU -THE END- THANK YOU