1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu AIR Environmental Science Chapter 12

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Air Chapter 12 Table of Contents Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution? Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 What Causes air Pollution? Key Questions What are the five primary air pollutants, and what are the sources for each? How does smog form? What is a thermal inversion and how does it trap air pollution? Chapter 12

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu What Causes Air Pollution? Air pollution - contamination of the atmosphere –can be solids, liquids, or gases. –Most is the result of human activities, –some pollutants are natural (dust, pollen, spores, and volcanic eruptions). Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Primary and Secondary Pollutants primary pollutant - put directly into the atmosphere by human or natural activity. ( ie soot from smoke) secondary pollutant - forms in the atmosphere by chemical reactions with primary pollutants, natural components, or both. (ie ground-level ozone) Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Primary Pollutants Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Sources of Primary Air Pollutants Particulate matter –Fine particles enter the air from fuel burned by vehicles and coal-burning power plants. –course particles from cement plants, mining operations, incinerators, wood-burning fireplaces, fields, and roads. Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Sources of Primary Air Pollutants Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The History of Air Pollution Air pollution is not a new phenomenon. –1273, King Edward I Today- modern industrial societies burn large amounts of fossil fuels. –Most air pollution in urban areas comes from vehicles and industry. Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Motor Vehicle Emissions Almost one-third of our air pollution comes from gasoline burned by vehicles. –Over 90 percent by passenger vehicles. The rest was driven by trucks and buses. The Clean Air Act, gives the EPA the authority to regulate vehicle emissions in the United States. –elimination of lead in gasoline decreasing lead pollution –catalytic converters, required in all automobiles, clean exhaust gases of pollutants Zero-emission vehicles Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Controlling Vehicle Emissions Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Industrial Air Pollution power plants must burn fuel (usually fossil fuel) to generate our electricity –releases sulfur dioxide (2/3) and nitrogen oxide (1/3) into the air that pollute the air. VOCs (chemical compounds that form toxic fumes) –Dry cleaning, oil refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, furniture refinishers, and automobile repair shops Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Regulating Air Pollution From Industry Scrubbers –remove some of the more harmful substances –a machine that moves gases through a spray of water that dissolves many pollutants. Electrostatic precipitators –machines removes dust particles from smokestacks –particles blown through a chamber containing an electrical current, transfers electric charge to dust particles causing them to stick together and to the sides of the chamber. An Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Regulating Air Pollution From Industry Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Smog Smog - mixture of smoke and fog produced from industrial pollutants and burning fuels. –Smog results from chemical reactions that involve sunlight, air, automobile exhaust, and ozone. –Pollutants from vehicles and industries are the main causes Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Smog Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Temperature Inversions The circulation of air in the atmosphere usually keeps air pollution from reaching dangerous levels. During the day, the sun heats the surface of the Earth and the air near the Earth. The warm air rises through the cooler air above it and carries pollutants away from the ground, and into the atmosphere. Sometimes, however, pollution is trapped near the Earth’s surface by a temperature inversion. Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Temperature Inversions A temperature inversion is the atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near Earth’s surface. The warmer air above keeps the cooler air at the surface from moving upward. So, pollutants are trapped below with the cooler air. If a city is located in a valley, it has a greater chance of experiencing temperature inversions. Los Angeles, surrounded on three sides by mountains, often has temperature inversions. Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Temperature Inversions Chapter 12 Section 1 What Causes Air Pollution?

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution Key Questions What are some short-term effects and long-term effects of air pollution on human health? What causes indoor air pollution? What are noise pollution and light pollution? Why are they significant? Chapter 12

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Air Pollution The American Lung Association has estimated that Americans pay tens of billions of dollars a year in health costs to treat respiratory diseases caused by air pollution. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Effects of Air Pollution on Health Short-term effects –reversible if exposure to air pollution decreases. –include headache; nausea; irritation to the eyes, nose and throat; coughing; tightness in the chest; and upper respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. –can worsen conditions of asthma and emphysema Long term effects –emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease. –may worsen medical conditions suffered by older people and may damage the lungs of children. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Indoor Air Pollution The quality of air inside is sometimes worse than the quality of air outside. Plastics and other industrial chemicals are major sources of pollution. –can be found in carpets, building materials, paints, and furniture, particularly when these items are new. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Indoor Air Pollution Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Indoor Air Pollution Sick-building syndrome is a set of symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, eye irritation, and dizziness, that may affect workers in modern, airtight office buildings. –caused by indoor air pollutants. –most common in hot places where buildings are tightly sealed to keep out the heat. removing the sources of indoor air pollution and ventilation (mixing outdoor air with indoor air) is necessary for good indoor air quality. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Indoor Air Pollutants Radon gas –element produced by the decay of uranium (occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust) –seeps through cracks in foundations and adheres to dust particles. –Can enter the lungs and lead to cancer –second-leading cause of lung cancer in the United States Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Indoor Air Pollutants Asbestos –used as an insulator and fire retardant in building materials. –fibers can cut and scar the lungs, causing the disease asbestosis. –Victims of the disease have more and more difficulty breathing and may eventually die of heart failure –banned in the early 1970s Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Noise Pollution noise pollution – caused by unnecessary sounds Health problems –loss of hearing, high blood pressure, and stress. –loss of sleep, which may lead decreased productivity decibel is the most common unit used to measure loudness, and is abbreviated dB. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Noise Pollution A decibel is the most common unit used to measure loudness, and is abbreviated dB. The quietest sound that a human ear can hear is represented by 0 dB. For each increase in decibel intensity, the decibel level is 10 times higher than the previous level. A sound of 120 dB is at the threshold of pain. Permanent deafness may come as a result of continuous exposure to sounds over 120 dB. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Noise Pollution Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Light Pollution Light pollution does not present a direct hazard to human health, but it does negatively affect our environment. The use of inefficient lighting in urban areas is diminishing our view of the night sky. In urban areas, the sky is often much brighter than the natural sky. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Light Pollution A more important environmental concern of inefficient lighting is energy waste. Energy is wasted when a light is directed upward into the night sky and lost to space. Examples include lighting on billboards, poor-quality street lights, and the lighting of building exteriors. Solutions to this problem include shielding light so it is directed downward, using time controls so that light is used only when needed, and using low- pressure sodium sources, which are the most energy-efficient sources of light. Chapter 12 Section 2 Air, Noise, and Light Pollution

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. What is the biggest cause of air pollution? A.dust particles B.forest fires C.human activities D.volcanic eruptions Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. What is the biggest cause of air pollution? A.dust particles B.forest fires C.human activities D.volcanic eruptions Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2.Which of the following releases the most primary pollutants into the air? F.electric power plants G.manufacturing plants H.mining operations I.transportation industry Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2.Which of the following releases the most primary pollutants into the air? F.electric power plants G.manufacturing plants H.mining operations I.transportation industry Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3.Which of the following is a long-term health effect of air pollution? A.blindness B.diabetes C.emphysema D.hepatitis Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3.Which of the following is a long-term health effect of air pollution? A.blindness B.diabetes C.emphysema D.hepatitis Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4.Which of the following statements is true? F.Ground-level ozone is harmless to children. G.Noise pollution occurs at low decibel levels. H.Light pollution is a direct hazard to human health. I.Sick-building syndrome is caused by poor air quality. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4.Which of the following statements is true? F.Ground-level ozone is harmless to children. G.Noise pollution occurs at low decibel levels. H.Light pollution is a direct hazard to human health. I.Sick-building syndrome is caused by poor air quality. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use this illustration to answer questions 5 through 7. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5.What is the relationship between sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 )? A.Sulfur dioxide combines with oxygen to form nitric acid. B.Sulfur dioxide is the main pollutant that forms nitric acid. C.Sulfur dioxide is the main pollutant that forms sulfuric acid. D.Sulfur dioxide combines with nitrogen to form sulfuric acid. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5.What is the relationship between sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 )? A.Sulfur dioxide combines with oxygen to form nitric acid. B.Sulfur dioxide is the main pollutant that forms nitric acid. C.Sulfur dioxide is the main pollutant that forms sulfuric acid. D.Sulfur dioxide combines with nitrogen to form sulfuric acid. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6.What are the two main polluting components in acid precipitation? F.ozone and oxygen atoms G.ozone and water H.sulfuric acid and nitric acid I.sulfuric acid and water Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6.What are the two main polluting components in acid precipitation? F.ozone and oxygen atoms G.ozone and water H.sulfuric acid and nitric acid I.sulfuric acid and water Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7.What chemical combines with nitrogen dioxide to form nitric acid? A.H B.OH C.O 2 D.O 3 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7.What chemical combines with nitrogen dioxide to form nitric acid? A.H B.OH C.O 2 D.O 3 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 8.A decrease of one number on the pH scale represents an increase in the concentration of hydronium (OH) ions by a power of 10. How many times more hydronium ions are present in an acid with a pH of 3 than are present in an acid with a pH of 5? F.10 G.20 H.100 I.200 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 8.A decrease of one number on the pH scale represents an increase in the concentration of hydronium (OH) ions by a power of 10. How many times more hydronium ions are present in an acid with a pH of 3 than are present in an acid with a pH of 5? F.10 G.20 H.100 I.200 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 12