1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Chapter 8 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

2. Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “…significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.”

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities No single prevalence estimate is definitive Little research on gender differences Disproportionate representation of African American males

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities  Most are unknown  Prenatal (before birth)  Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down Syndrome, William’s Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome), Fetal Alcohol Syndrome  Perinatal (during/immediately after birth)  Premature birth, low birth weight, anoxia  Postnatal (after birth)  Accidents or illnesses (e.g., encephalitis, brain injury)

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over a network: preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.”

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”  Low birth weight  Developmental delay  Epilepsy  Poor coordination / fine motor skills  Behavioral problems

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” 1:733 births, and more than 350,000 people in the U.S.

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”  Physical Deformities flattening of the back of the head slanting of the eyelids short stubby limbs thick tongues heart problems overly flexible joints shorter than normal height

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities eye & vision impairmentsHyper-extensible joints (double jointed) elongated face Large testicles (evident after puberty) Flat feet Low muscle tone High arched palateAutism and autistic-like behavior Prominent ears hand biting and hand-flapping Mental RetardationHyperactivity and short attention span

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”  absence of genetic materials on the 7 th pair of chromosomes.  “elfish” face  “Mental retardation  Highly personable  Relatively good language skills  Musical ability  Behavior problems  Cardiovascular problems  “miss the forest for the trees.”

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”  1:15,000 births  microcephaly  Seizures  hyperactivity  Excessive phenylalanine in the blood  Phenylalanine in meat, dairy products, fish, grains and legumes

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”  Inability to properly process lactose - cataracts - infections - MR - kidney failure - enlarged liver - poor growth

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”  1:3000  Tumors grow along types of nerves. - headaches - seizures - MR - macrocephaly

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 1:15,000 babies - effects boys and girls equally - Mutation on chromosome 15 - Range from average IQ to mild or moderate MR - Insatiable appetite

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Congenital rubella  pregnant woman who has contracted rubella during her first trimesterrubella - microcephaly - heart defects - MR Toxoplasmosis litter boxes and garden soil. - encephalitis - heart - liver - eyes - MR

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Bell Curve

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Full Scale IQ Verbal IQ Performance IQ (WPPSI-III) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Ages 2 ½ to 7 years, 3 months (WISC-IV) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Ages 6 to 16 years, 11 months (WAIS-III) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Revised Ages 16-89 Stanford-Binet V (ages 2 – 80)

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 22

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities WAIS - III

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Intermittent Limited Extensive Pervasive How Much Support? Least Most

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Working memory Generalization Metacognition Motivation Language Academic skills

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities  More likely to be rejected by peers  Immature behavior  Inappropriate responses in social situations  Difficulty understanding subtle social cues

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Deficits in: Communication Self-care Social skills Home living Leisure Health and safety Functional academics Community use

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Parent/Caregiver Rating Form, Interview Form - 0 through 90 Teacher Rating Form - 3 through 21 years,11 months

30. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities  Services may occur in the child’s home  Most begin preschool at age 3  Programs stress child development and learning

31. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

32. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities  General Education Curriculum  Reading, writing, math, social studies  Life Skills Curriculum  Applied academic skills  Community-based instruction

33. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”  Breaking of a complex task or behavior into its component parts  Select goals  Identify prerequisite skills and materials needed to perform the task  Identify specific components of the task and sequence component parts  Evaluate instruction and task mastery level  Seek to generalize skill to other settings

34. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities  Peer-mediated instruction  Cooperative learning  Peer tutoring

35. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Chapter 8: Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Should students with mental retardation participate in high- stakes testing? How do we effectively foster self-determination in students with mental retardation?