1. Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine
BIOMOLECULE
Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine
Airlangga University
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Biomolecule
Biomolecules are divided into two namely:     1. STRUCTURAL: constituent tissues / body           organism          Example: collagen, keratin    2. FUNCTIONAL: to carry out the functions          function of life          Example: enzymes, hormones, DNA, RNA, ATP

3. The Diversity of Organic Molecules Makes Life Diverse

4. The chemistry of carbon makes diverse molecules possible
Compounds made of hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms
Organisms consist mainly of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon
Most of the oxygen and hydrogen are in water

5. Carbon has unique bonding properties
Carbon can share electrons with as many as four other atoms
Consequently, it can form several different shapes
Chains
Rings
Side branches

6. Each of these organisms uses a different type of structural carbohydrate

8. Functional groups add to the diversity of organic molecules
A specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way
Example: -OH, the hydroxyl group is hydrophilic and found in alcohol, sugar, and amino acids
Isomers – organic molecules with identical molecular formulas, but a different arrangement of atoms

9. Figure 1. Functional groups of organic molecules

10. Molecular subunits can be linked to form macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size
The largest macromolecules are polymers because they are constructed of many subunits called monomers

11. Dehydration and Hydrolysis
Dehydration reaction synthesizes polymers from monomers by removing water
Hydrolysis reaction splits polymers into monomers by adding water

12. Figure 2. Synthesis and degradation of polymers

13. Carbohydrates Are Energy Sources and Structural Components

14. Simple carbohydrates provide quick energy
Used as an immediate energy source
Carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio = 1:2:1
Monosaccharides contain a single sugar molecule
Ribose and deoxyribose are found in DNA
Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis

15. Three ways to represent glucose, a source of quick energy for this cheetah and all organisms

16. Formation and breakdown of maltose, a disaccharide
Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose   Lactose: Glucose + Galactose

17. Complex carbohydrates store energy and provide structural support
Polymers of monosaccharides
Used for short-term or long-term energy storage
Animals store glucose as glycogen
Plants store glucose as starch
Some are used for structure
Chitin is used in animals and fungi
Cellulose is used by plants

18. Some of the polysaccharides in plants and animals

19. Lipids Provide Storage, Insulation, and Other Functions

20. Fats and oils are rich energy-storage molecules
Hydrophobic biomolecules made of hydrocarbon chains
Fats and oils contain glycerol and fatty acids
Sometimes called triglycerides

21. Formation and breakdown of a fat

22. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
Saturated fats have no double bonds
They are saturated with hydrogens
Unsaturated fats have double bonds
They are not saturated with hydrogens

23. Other lipids have structural, hormonal, or protective functions
Phospholipids have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
Found in plasma membranes
Steroids are hydrophobic molecules that pass through plasma membranes
Waxes are hydrophobic molecules used for waterproofing

24. Phospholipid, cholesterol (a steroid), and wax
3-24

25. Proteins Have a Wide Variety of Vital Functions

26. Proteins are the most versatile of life’s molecules
Important for structure and function
50% of dry weight of most cells
Several functions
Support
Metabolism
Transport
Defense
Regulation
Motion

27. Each protein is a sequence of particular amino acids
Proteins are macromolecules with amino acid subunits
Made of peptide bonds via dehydration synthesis
Polypeptide chain is many amino acids bonded together
A protein may have many polypeptide chains

28. Formation and breakdown of a peptide

29. Amino Acids
Variety is due to the R group

30. Amino acid diversity. The amino acids are shown in ionized form

31. The shape of a protein is necessary to its function
Denaturation - the irreversible change of protein shape caused by heat or pH
Levels of Organization

32. Levels of protein organization

33. Nucleic Acids Are Information Molecules

34. The nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry coded information
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
The genetic material
RNA – ribonucleic acid
A copy of DNA used to make proteins
Both are polymers of nucleotides monomers
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate

36. Figure 1. One nucleotide Figure 2. RNA structure

37. Figure 3 DNA structure at three levels of complexity

38. Sequenced the genome of humans Scientists create genetic profiles
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS—HOW BIOLOGY IMPACTS OUR LIVES The Human Genome Project may lead to new disease treatments
Sequenced the genome of humans
Scientists create genetic profiles
Used to predict diseases
Examples: Type 2 Diabetes, Schizophrenia
Used to make specific treatments

39. The nucleotide ATP is the cell’s energy carrier
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A nucleotide with the base adenine and the sugar ribose making a compound adenosine
Hydrolyzes phosphates to release energy and form adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

40. Figure 1. ATP hydrolysis
Figure 2. releases energy Animals convert food energy to that of ATP

41. Connecting the Concepts:
Carbon forms the backbone of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
The macromolecules of cells are polymers of small organic molecules
Simple sugars are the monomers of complex carbohydrates
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins
Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids
Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol