1. Hydroelectric Energy: An Overview Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D. Wilkes University Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D. Wilkes University

2. www.cs.berkeley.edu/~artin/

3. Points to be covered  The water cycle  Flowing water as a source of power  Historic uses of hydro power  Types of hydroelectric generation  Benefits of hydroelectric power generation  Current levels of hydroelectrical generation capacity worldwide and in US  Issues regarding hydroelectric  Potential new sources of hydroelectricity  The WebQuest  The water cycle  Flowing water as a source of power  Historic uses of hydro power  Types of hydroelectric generation  Benefits of hydroelectric power generation  Current levels of hydroelectrical generation capacity worldwide and in US  Issues regarding hydroelectric  Potential new sources of hydroelectricity  The WebQuest

4. www.rdc.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/

5. Flowing water is a source of power POWER (kW) = 5.9 x FLOW x HEAD  FLOW is measured in m 3 /sec  HEAD is measured in meters POWER (kW) = 5.9 x FLOW x HEAD  FLOW is measured in m 3 /sec  HEAD is measured in meters

6. Hydro power is used in two ways Electrical generation plaza.ufl.edu/cjk11/ Direct www.mastergardenproducts.com/

7. Direct uses of hydro energy  Textile manufacturing  Grist mills  Sawmills  Irrigation  Textile manufacturing  Grist mills  Sawmills  Irrigation www.ourbc.com/travel_bc/

8. Hydroelectric power generation http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html

9. Types of hydroelectrical generation  Impoundment  Pumped storage capacity  Run of river (diversion)  Impoundment  Pumped storage capacity  Run of river (diversion)

10. Impoundment generating facility geochange.er.usgs.gov/

11. Pumped storage capacity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stwlan.dam.jpg

12. Diversion facility www1.eere.energy.gov/

13. Classification of Hydro Plants Based on Size  Micro - < 0.1 mW  Small - 0.1 - 30 mW  Large - >30 mW  Micro - < 0.1 mW  Small - 0.1 - 30 mW  Large - >30 mW

14. Classification of Hydro Plants Based on Head © 2000 Geothermal Education Office High - >66’ www.usbr.gov Low - 10-66’ www.fremontrescue.org/ Ultra low - <10’ wdfw.wa.gov/fish/

15. Benefits of hydroelectric power  Economic benefits  No fuel costs  Low labor  Dams provide recreation and flood protection  Systems are long-lived (decades)  Provides relatively constant power  Conserves fossil fuels  Benefits local economies  Can be implemented remotely  Can prevent pollution caused by fossil fuels  Economic benefits  No fuel costs  Low labor  Dams provide recreation and flood protection  Systems are long-lived (decades)  Provides relatively constant power  Conserves fossil fuels  Benefits local economies  Can be implemented remotely  Can prevent pollution caused by fossil fuels

16. Current worldwide hydroelectricity output  715,000 megawatts  19% of all energy production  715,000 megawatts  19% of all energy production www.wikipedia.org

17. Hydroelectric power output by country (1992) http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html

18. Hydroelectrical power output by country (2006) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

19. Hydroelectric capacity

20. © 2000 Geothermal Education Office ff.org/centers/csspp/library/

22. U.S. Hydroelectric storage capacity http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html

23. Environmental problems? http://iga.igg.cnr.it/geo/geoenergy.php  Impacts to fish and birds  Upstream impacts  Wetlands are flooded  Humans often displaced  Siltation behind dams  Release of greenhouse gasses  Downstream effects  Scouring  Temperature impacts  Dam failures can flood downstream communities  Impacts to fish and birds  Upstream impacts  Wetlands are flooded  Humans often displaced  Siltation behind dams  Release of greenhouse gasses  Downstream effects  Scouring  Temperature impacts  Dam failures can flood downstream communities

24. Potential new sources of hydroelectricity Tides Waves

25. Tide Power  Based on diurnal movements of water in oceans  Most effective in areas with pronounced tides  Include  Tidal stream systems (kinetic energy of flow)  Barrages (head energy of surface differences)  Based on diurnal movements of water in oceans  Most effective in areas with pronounced tides  Include  Tidal stream systems (kinetic energy of flow)  Barrages (head energy of surface differences) www-staff.it.uts.edu.au

26. Tidal stream systems  Dominant technology is shrouded turbine  Prototypes have been tested in England, Australia, and Italy.  Outputs up to 1.2 MW are noted  Dominant technology is shrouded turbine  Prototypes have been tested in England, Australia, and Italy.  Outputs up to 1.2 MW are noted en.wikipedia.org/wiki

27. Barrage systems  Depend upon impoundments built along coastlines  Developed in Canada, Russia, and France  Largest generates 240 MW.  Limited by geography, environmental considerations  Depend upon impoundments built along coastlines  Developed in Canada, Russia, and France  Largest generates 240 MW.  Limited by geography, environmental considerations en.wikipedia.org/wiki

28. Wave Power  Based on up-and-down motion of sea surface  Can be captured using devices that convert motion to electricity  Could yield more electricity than tidal  Recently deployed systems include  Portuguese project - 2.25 MW  Scotland project - 3.0 MW  Challenges include low speeds, corrosion, wind damage  Based on up-and-down motion of sea surface  Can be captured using devices that convert motion to electricity  Could yield more electricity than tidal  Recently deployed systems include  Portuguese project - 2.25 MW  Scotland project - 3.0 MW  Challenges include low speeds, corrosion, wind damage www.dg58.dupage.k12.il.us

29. So, is hydropower the answer to our energy concerns? You tell me! You tell me!