1. 70.5170 Index value Frequency

2. Soil and mineral nutrition Soil is a complex product of the interaction between living organisms and their terrestrial environment Soils are very heterogeneous Soil texture describes the relative contribution of particle with different sizes that impart different characteristics and affect plant performance

3. Most plants depend on soil to obtain water and mineral nutrition The pH of soil is an important characteristic that affects nutrient intake Essential nutrients are indispensable for plant growth and reproduction Most plants depend on mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with fungi) to increase phosphorus and other minerals from the soil

4. taproot Fibrous root enlarging radicle, or embryonic root Adventitious roots (develop from stems) Stem x.s. of Lycopersicon (tomato)

5. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10

6. Contain suberin, a fatty waterproof material Water enters by osmosis Nutrient minerals enter by passing through carrier proteins in the membranes

8. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10 Root x.s. of Zea mays (corn) Epidermis Cortex cell Endodermis Pericycle cell Pith cell Xylem vessel element Phloem cell

10. Soil is composed of Inorganic mineral particles Organic matter Water Air The texture, or structural characteristic of a soil is determined by the percentages (by weight) of the different- sized inorganic mineral particles -sand (0.02-2 mm), silt (0.002-0.02 mm), and clay (<0.002 mm), -

13. A loam: 40 % sand, 40 % silt, and 20 % clay

18. Igneous rocks http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/igneous/igneousbox.html

19. Metamorphic rocks http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/metamorphic/metamorphicbox.html

20. Sedimentary rocks http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/rockslab/sedimentary/sedimentarybox.html

31. Elements required by plants (macronutrients, >0.05% dry weight) Table 34-2 pp. 744

32. Elements required by plants (micronutrients, <0.05% dry weight) Chlorine, Iron, Boron, Manganese, Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Molybdenum Parts of enzymes and Ionic balance. Table 34-2 pp. 744

37. Plant proteinsAnimal proteins Nitrogen wastes Ammonium NH 4 Ammonia Loss to Atmosphere Nitrites, NO 2 Nitrates, NO 3 Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azotobacter (ae) and Clostridium (an) Gain from atmosphere Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria e.g. Nitrobacter Denitrifying bacteria e.g. Nitrosomonas Decay bacteria and Fungi The Nitrogen Cycle

38. Endophytes: Legume/Rhizobium nodules http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT410/Roots/RootSymbioses.htm Leghaemoglobin sequesters oxygen and creates a low oxygen environment

39. Above: Ectomycorrhyzae Below: Endomycorrhyzae MOORE-LANDECKER. 1990. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE FUNGI. PRENTICE HALL. ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS. Pp. 481, fig. 15-9; 483, fig. 15-10 Occurs in 90 % of all plant families

40. Total mass (g) of mycorrhyzae present absent Andropogon gerardii 89 66 Sorghastrum nutans 121 62 Wilson and Hartnett. American Journal of Botany 84 No, 4, 1997

41. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

45. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10 Cross-section of Ranunculus root (buttercup) immature Mature epidermis stele cortex Notice numerous amyloplasts which store starch

46. Close up of Cross-section of Ranunculus root immature Mature http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/images.html#lab_10 Cortex cells Endodermis cells Pericycle cells Phloem cells Xylem vessel element Intercellular spaces

47. Cation exchange

48. Neutral pH near 7 Acid pH, 4-5