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FRUIT KRT-2010
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The life cycle of a plant
Roots grow from a seed. Slides 20 to 23 are part 1 of the plant life cycle. KRT-2010
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The life cycle of a plant
Roots grow from a seed. Leaves start to grow. KRT-2010
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The life cycle of a plant
Roots grow from a seed. Leaves start to grow. More leaves grow. Flower buds appear. KRT-2010
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The life cycle of a plant
More leaves grow. Flower buds appear. Roots grow from a seed. Leaves start to grow. The flowers open. KRT-2010
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The life cycle of a plant
The petals die. The flowers make a fruit with seeds inside. Slides 24 to 25 are part 2 of the plant life cycle. KRT-2010
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The life cycle of a plant
The petals die. The flowers make a fruit with seeds inside. The fruit dries and falls. KRT-2010
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Plant Reproduction KRT-2010
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Fruit In flowering plants
Fruit is a mature, ripened ovary that contains the seeds Pericarp – the ovary wall Fruit types A. Simple B. Aggregate C. Multiple ovary KRT-2010
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Ovary develops into a fruit
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Fruiting Bodies and Fruits
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Developmental origin of fruits
Simple fruit. A simple fruit develops from a single carpel (or several fused carpels) of one flower (examples: pea, lemon, peanut). (a) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit develops from many separate carpels of one flower (examples: raspberry, blackberry, strawberry). (b) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit develops from many carpels of many flowers (examples: pineapple, fig). (c) Pineapple fruit Raspberry fruit Pea fruit Stamen Carpel (fruitlet) Stigma Ovary Raspberry flower Each segment develops from the carpel of one flower Pineapple inflorescence Carpels Flower Ovule Pea flower Seed KRT-2010
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SIMPLE FRUIT The mayority of flowering plant have fruit composed of a single ovary. These referred to as simple fruits. When the entire pericarp (the ovary wall) of simple fruits is fleshy, the fruit is refer to berry. Simple fleshy fruits having a stony endocarp (such as peach, plum, olive) are known as drupes (or stone fruits). Simple fleshy fruits in which the inner portion of the pericarp forms a dry paperlike “core” are known as pomes (apple, pear, for example). KRT-2010
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Fruits KRT-2010
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Simple fruit Simple fruit – develops from a single ovary of
a single flower. Simple fruits can be either fleshy or dry when mature Simple fleshy fruit 1. Berry 2. Hesperidium 3. Drupe 4. Pepo 5. Pome KRT-2010
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Aggregate Fruit Aggregate Fruit develops from one flower with many separate pistils/carpels, all ripening simultaneously Examples: strawberry, raspberries, blackberries KRT-2010
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C. Multiple fruit Multiple fruit develops from ovaries of several flowers borne/fused together on the same stalk For example: pineapple KRT-2010
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How Fruits Form Fruits are mature ovaries. KRT-2010
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Plant Parts – Fruit Pomes Cones Acorns KRT-2010
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Plant Parts – Fruit Drupes Samara Capsules Brambles KRT-2010
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1. Berry 2. Hesperidium 3. Drupe 4. Pepo 5. Pome
Simple fleshy fruit 1. Berry 2. Hesperidium 3. Drupe 4. Pepo 5. Pome KRT-2010
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Simple fleshy fruit 1. Berry – entire fruit wall is soft and fleshy at maturity. Inside is slimy. For example, grapes, tomato, etc. 2. Hesperidium is a berry with tough, leathery rind (peel) Examples: oranges, lemons, other citrus. KRT-2010
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Simple fleshy fruit: drupe
3. Drupe type – outer part of fruit wall is soft and fleshy, inner part is hard and stony For example: cherry, plum, peach, and apricot KRT-2010
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Simple fleshy fruit: pepo
4. Pepo – also a fleshy fruit with a tougher outer rind All member of the squash family: pumpkin, melons, cucumbers KRT-2010
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Simple fleshy fruit: pome
5. Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes develops from the enlarged base of the perianth (corolla and calyx) that has fused with the ovary wall Pomes include apple, and pear KRT-2010
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Simple dry fruit: capsule
Simple dry fruits are dry (not fleshy) at maturity. Simple dry fruits that open at maturity include: capsules and legumes Capsule – fruit is dry at maturity and splits open along several seams Example: Cotton KRT-2010
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Simple dry fruit: Legumes
Legumes are dry at maturity and split open along two seams Examples: pea pods, bean pods, peanut KRT-2010
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Simple dry fruits Simple dry fruits that do NOT open at maturity include Caryopsis: seed coat is fused to the ovary wall (cereal grains like wheat, corn, barley, rice) Nuts: single-ovary wall and seed coat remain separate, ovary wall is very hard (chestnut, walnut, acorns) KRT-2010
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Dry Fruit Types KRT-2010
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Fleshy fruit types KRT-2010
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Dry Fruit Types Name Characteristics Examples Follicle
Dehiscent; from single carpel that splits down one side at maturity. Columbine, milkweed Legume Dehiscent; like follicles, but split down both sides. Pea family (Fabaceae) Silique Dehiscent; from two fused carpels; at maturity the sides split off, leaving seeds attached to persistent central portion. Mustard family (Brassicaceae) Capsule Dehiscent; from compound ovary with either superior or inferior ovary Poppy family (Papaveraceae) Achene Indehiscent; small single-seeded fruit, seed lies free in the cavity except for attachment by funiculus (stalk of the ovule). Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), buckwheat family (Polygonaceae) Samara Indehiscent; winged achenes. Elm, ash Caryopsis Indehiscent; achene-like fruit of grasses; seed coat firmly united to fruit wall. Grass family (Poaceae) Cypsela Indehiscent; achene-like, complex; derived from inferior ovary. Sunflower family (Asteraceae) Nut Indehiscent; achene-like, with stony fruit wall and derived from compound ovary. Acorn, hazelnut, pecan Schizocarp Indehiscent; splits at maturity into two or more one-seeded portions. Parsely family (Apiaceae), maples (Aceraceae), some others. KRT-2010
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SEED A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flower and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule. KRT-2010
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Double fertilization involves
Seed completes the prosess of reproduction initiated in the flower, and it always consists of an embryo surrounded by seed coats. Double fertilization involves a. fusion of egg and sperm nuclei to form a zigote nucleus, and b. fusion of polar nuclei with second sperm nucleus to form a primary endosperm nucleus KRT-2010
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Ovule develops into seed
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Seed includes three basic parts:
(1) an embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, (3) a seed coat. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? The stamen inside the flower makes pollen. stamen
Slides 37 to 39 is about pollination. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? stamen The stamen inside the flower makes pollen. Plants need pollen from a different flower to make seeds. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? stamen The stamen inside the flower makes pollen. Plants need pollen from a different flower to make seeds. When the flower is pollinated the seeds start to grow. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? Some flowers need insects to pollinate them.
Slides 40 to 44 are about how insects and the wind help pollinate plants. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects. The pollen is taken to other flowers. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects. The pollen is taken to other flowers. Plants like grass and trees do not have bright petals. KRT-2010
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How are seeds made? Some flowers need insects to pollinate them. The pollen sticks to bees or insects. The pollen is taken to other flowers. Plants like grass and trees do not have bright petals. Their pollen is blown by the wind. KRT-2010
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Parthenocarpy Parthenocarpy: production of fruit without fertilization i.e. pineapple, navel orange, seedless grape. Auxins, a plant hormone, or synthetically derived growth substances can be applied to encourage parthenocarpy. From the first page, we saw how genetic manipulation can be used to also produce such fruit. KRT-2010
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Angiosperm Embryo Development
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Epigeous In epigeous (or epigeal) germination, the hypocotyl elongates and forms a hook, pulling rather than pushing the cotyledons and apical meristem through the soil. Once it reaches the surface, it straightens and pulls the cotyledons and shoot tip of the growing seedlings into the air. Beans and papaya are examples of plant that germinate this way Hypogeous Another way of germination is hypogeous (or hypogeal) where the epicotyl elongates and forms the hook. In this type of germination, the cotyledons stay underground where they eventually decompose. Peas, for example, germinate this way KRT-2010
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Dormancy Many live seeds have dormancy, meaning they will not germinate even if they have water and it is warm enough for the seedling to grow. Dormancy is broken or ended by a number of different conditions. Environmental factors like light, temperature, fire, ingestion by animals and others are conditions that can end seed dormancy. Internally seeds can be dormant because of plant hormones such as absciscic acid, which affects seed dormancy and prevents germination, while the production and application of the hormone gibberellin can break dormancy and induces seed germination KRT-2010
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Seed Dispersal Wind Water Animals Explosions (dehiscence)
The plant itself - Tumbleweed Water Animals Storage Ingestion, external transport (hooks - barbs) Explosions (dehiscence) KRT-2010
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Seed Dispersal The wind blows the plant and the seeds fall out.
The fruit breaks open. The seeds fall. Some seeds have parachutes. The wind blows the seeds away. Some seeds have wings. They fly through the air for a long way. KRT-2010
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Seed Dispersal Animals help disperse some seeds.
Fleshy fruits eaten and dispersed with feces KRT-2010
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Seed Dispersal Importance of: Colonization Survival of species
Wildlife preservation Community structure (assemblages of plants and animals) Global climate Environmental quality KRT-2010
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