1. 1 Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring 29 Aug. 2007 National Agricultural Research Center Ken TANIWAKI, Haoming Hu

2. 2 Energy Crop Production and Field Monitoring 1.Energy resource and Biomass Energy 2.Oil crop as biomass energy 3.Oil crop production 4.Field monitoring

3. 3 Chronicles around Biomass 1992 Rio de Janeiro “The Earth Summit” UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity are concluded 1997 COP3 Kyoto Protocol 2000 Clinton’s State of the Union ： Increase B.M. production up to triple 2007 Bush’s Energy Initiative: using 35 billion gallons of alternative fuels by 2017 2001 Agro-Energy Laboratory(NARO) 2006 Biomass Research Center (NARO) 1. Energy resource and biomass energy

4. 4 Comparison of energy resources Reserves of energy resources Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007) Renewable energy has almost same life span as sun and earth.= 5,000,000,000 yr.?

5. 5 Comparison of renewable energy Rance tidal power plant Tidal energy wind energy output dispersion Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007) solar energy daily change

6. 6 Comparison of energy cost us$/kwh Energy cost of deferent resources in Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization (2007)

7. 7 Comparison of energy usability Energy usability matrix So, among renewable energy, biomass used to be our most familiar energy resources in our history

8. 8 2. Oil crop as biomass energy Bio-ethanol and Bio-diesel become highlighted. Wood Plant Seaweed Algae Straw Husk Ethanol Plant Oil Animal fat Animal waste Waste food Sludge Etc.

9. 9 carbohydrate Protein Lipid C 18 H 30 O 2 in seed mineral Ca,Na,K,Fe,etc. Fatty acid1 Fatty acid2 Fatty acid3 ethanol BDF(Biodiesel fuel) Biomass is produced by photo synthesis Photo&biosynthesis water,fertilizer,mineral Calvin-Benson cycle C 6 H 12 O 6 in Leaf CO 2

10. 10 carbohydrate lipid Biomass is produced by photo synthesis C. Somerville. Et.al, Lipid,.2000 reduction Bio-synthesis of lipid Energy is accumulated as oil in oil body oxygen hydrogen carbon fatty acid glycerol

11. 11 Caloric value of materials Kcal/kg Energy density of biodiesel is higher than that of ethanol

12. 12 Energy input or output of per energy in biofuel Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Jason Hill et.al. 2006 PNAS NET ENERGY BALANCE Comparison of ethanol and BDF(Bio diesel fuel )

13. 13 Min-Maxaverageoil contentoil yield t/ha % oil palm12.6-32.419.2203.84 rapeseed2.3-3.82.9351.02 sunflower1.7-2.42.1350.74 peanut2.8-3.33.1351.09 soybean2.3-3.62.8170.48 jatropha1.5-2.0-0.48-0.71 Major oil crop and its yield K.Okada by FAO STAT 2005 Jatropha can grow even in not arable land

14. 14 Ex. Rapeseed production 3. Oil crop production Photo synthesis takes place even in rape shell flower rapeseed

15. 15 Selection of cultivars Ⅰ ． Erucic acid free  heart disease Ⅱ ． Glucocinolate free  meal can be used as feed Ⅲ ． Proper cultivars for local climate  cold temp response Ⅳ ． High yield  enough growth period Ⅴ． Avoid contamination of pollen every year

16. 16 precise seeding with vacuum seeder is adaptable for double cropping of rapeseed in winter and sunflower in summer. Precision seeding works for high yield

17. 17 Double cropping after rice Effective drainage （ Watanabe 2006) 5cm Cross sectional view of ridge

18. 18 Combine harvester Total working time 10-30 hours/ha Harvesting Harvesting Total cost in fully mechanized production system 90-220us$ /ha

19. 19 Brassica napus = Rapeseed Low chemical fertilizer sensitivity Organic nitrogen contributes its growth Iron may serve its growth Boron is inevitable Would distribute glucocinolates from its root that control neighboring plant 4. Field monitoring for energy crop

20. 20 There are several hazards against ample amount of yield birdsSeeding season Harvest season Ripening period is quite short Harvest season People sometimes become robber Budding season Mouse under snow may eat eat leaves Under snow

21. 21 Introducing cultivars into abandoned fields Eventually contradiction between energy and food usage of biomass crop has been emerged e.g.. corn for food or ethanol Optimize energy and food cultivar selection agriculture Introduce oil crop Into the field Enrich field By root development Field monitoring biomass crop would not fit for arable land