1. Env. Leaders John Muir(1838-1914): Founded Sierra Club, lost eye sight temporarily in factory accident swore to devote life to nature/god if regained Aldo Leopold(1887-1948): ”Sand County Almanac” collection of essays on nature/environment

2. Env. Leaders Teddy Roosevelt- 26th president (1901-09), War hero, Outdoorsman. Increased protected land from 43 million-194 million acres (size of Maine- Virginia) Rachel Carson(1907-1964): In 1962 ”Silent Spring” book about pesticides killing birds

3. Ecofootprint: Measure of human demand/use on earth’s resources Carrying capacity: Max. population an ecosystem can support Biodegradable: Capable of being broken down naturally. Ex. By bacteria

4. Photodegradable: able to be broken down by light Population: Tot. # of organisms in an ecosystem

5. Survival Needs 5 Survival Needs: Food, Water, Energy, Air, Shelter (housing, clothing) How Develop. Countries meet: Food: grow few crops/raise few animals Water: collect from well/water-way Energy: Fire/fire heated oven Shelter: Timber-built, mud/adobe built houses. Make own clothes w/fabric.

6. Survival needs provided by each environment Antartic – water, air Mtn. forest – food, water, air, energy, shelter(housing) Desert – air Jungle – food, water, air, energy, shelter 1 st concern is Shelter if stranded!!

7. Abiotic factors = non-living. Soil, water, sunlight. Biotic factors = Living. Bacteria, plants, animals.

8. Producers (autotrophs) = make own energy/food. Ex. Plants,photosynthetic bacteria Consumers = eat other organisms for food/energy. –Herbivores = eat plants –Carnivores = eat meat –Omnivores = eat both (plant & meat)

9. 10 % Law of Energy Transfer As you move upward from one trophic level to the next, only 10% of energy and biomass is passed on. 90% is lost!

10. Primary succession = No life existed before. Life initially establishes itself. Secondary succession = Life re-establishes after a natural disaster/occurrence. Ex. Fire, Tidal wave, man-made clearing of forest

11. Benthic = temp./pressure decrease as deepens Paleagic Zone = open ocean, mixing of cold/warm layers =High pressure, cold, little nutrients = sometimes exposed/sometimes under water