1. Integrating the Monitoring of Agricultural Pests into Biodiversity Assessments Gail E. Kampmeier Illinois Natural History Survey Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Gail E. Kampmeier Illinois Natural History Survey Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

2. Agriculture as a Measure of Biodiversity  Traditionally,  agriculture = downgraded ecosystem  a poor relation to the ideal biodiverse ecosystem of "Nature"  Agriculture has its own challenges  Reduced diversity - easily discovered by pests  Monocultures - species, cultivars  Spatial regularity - row crops, crowding  Selection pressure: environment modified by use of pesticides, resistant cultivars, planting date  Traditionally,  agriculture = downgraded ecosystem  a poor relation to the ideal biodiverse ecosystem of "Nature"  Agriculture has its own challenges  Reduced diversity - easily discovered by pests  Monocultures - species, cultivars  Spatial regularity - row crops, crowding  Selection pressure: environment modified by use of pesticides, resistant cultivars, planting date

3. Wealth of Data  Aside from scientists interested in conservation of genetics of crops & their wild relatives, few agricultural scientists see the value of their data to the biodiversity community  Value in peer-reviewed publications, not data publication  Concern about losing control of their dataset  Biodiversity community has traditionally only paid attention to what is stored in museums or databanks  Aside from scientists interested in conservation of genetics of crops & their wild relatives, few agricultural scientists see the value of their data to the biodiversity community  Value in peer-reviewed publications, not data publication  Concern about losing control of their dataset  Biodiversity community has traditionally only paid attention to what is stored in museums or databanks

4. Land Managers, Climate Change Specialists Need  More than one-off collections of taxa  Sampling biased by collector, but not always apparent  Need measures over time of  Presence and absence  Diversity  Under varying conditions  More than one-off collections of taxa  Sampling biased by collector, but not always apparent  Need measures over time of  Presence and absence  Diversity  Under varying conditions

5. Agricultural Research has Rich Data Heritage  Purposefully constructed hypotheses tested in  Variety of (controlled) habitats & (uncontrollable) abiotic conditions  Replicated experimental designs  Examine effects of manipulation of the environment on species behavior  Samples taken at uniform intervals over seasons, years  Purposefully constructed hypotheses tested in  Variety of (controlled) habitats & (uncontrollable) abiotic conditions  Replicated experimental designs  Examine effects of manipulation of the environment on species behavior  Samples taken at uniform intervals over seasons, years

6. Integrated Pest Management  Sets an economic threshold for making decisions on strategies for maintaining pests at, or below a threshold of economic loss (economic injury level)  The choice of strategies can conserve  Biodiversity  Water, air, & soil quality  money  Sets an economic threshold for making decisions on strategies for maintaining pests at, or below a threshold of economic loss (economic injury level)  The choice of strategies can conserve  Biodiversity  Water, air, & soil quality  money Brewer, et. al. 2009. Opportunities, experiences, and strategies to connect integrated pest management to U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation programs. American Entomologist 55(3):140-146.

7. Aphids - Pucerons - Afidos  Direct pests of plants  Vectors of plant viruses  Produce honeydew  Food source for ants, predators, & parasitoids  Molds  Damage to crops depends on when & in what numbers they appear in the field  Direct pests of plants  Vectors of plant viruses  Produce honeydew  Food source for ants, predators, & parasitoids  Molds  Damage to crops depends on when & in what numbers they appear in the field Complex life cycle Macrosiphum rosae photo courtesy Alex Wild 2008, http://myrmecos.wordpress.com/ http://myrmecos.wordpress.com/

8. Aphids Move  Walking  Intraplant  Interplant  Flying  Intrafield  Interfield  Migration over 100s of kilometers  Walking  Intraplant  Interplant  Flying  Intrafield  Interfield  Migration over 100s of kilometers Cartoon by John Sherrod

9. Tracking the Russian wheat aphid

10. Bugs = "Angel Echoes" CHILL Radar located in Greeley, Colorado

11. Tracking Aphids at Elevations Above Ground Level (AGL)  Air temperature  Insects, including aphids accumulate at or in inversions (temperatures are warmer than the air below)  Wind speed  Below jet, aphids local  In jet, had traveled overnight from sources 240-400 km south from overwintering populations  Air temperature  Insects, including aphids accumulate at or in inversions (temperatures are warmer than the air below)  Wind speed  Below jet, aphids local  In jet, had traveled overnight from sources 240-400 km south from overwintering populations

12. Mapping to Darwin Core  Presence/Absence Observations  Taxon information  Sampling units known volume of air  Large amount of related observations of air temperature, radar observations  Presence/Absence Observations  Taxon information  Sampling units known volume of air  Large amount of related observations of air temperature, radar observations

13. Soybean Aphid: Invasive Species in North America  Direct pest of soybean  Suction trap network set up in U.S. Midwest  Prediction of infestation level  Indicator to farmers to scout for signs of aphids  Direct pest of soybean  Suction trap network set up in U.S. Midwest  Prediction of infestation level  Indicator to farmers to scout for signs of aphids http://www.ncipmc.org/traps/index.cfm

14. Soybean Aphid Central http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/programs/aphids.html#soybeanaphid

15. Weekly Data  Flights arriving late August built up on late soybean, leaving in September as soybean dried down & flying to Rhamnus

16. Soybean Aphids Swarm Photo courtesy Alex Wild 2009, http://myrmecos.wordpress.com/ http://myrmecos.wordpress.com/

17. Date 2009 DeKalbMetamoraUrbana Dixon Springs 31 July 0000 07 Aug 3100 14 Aug 212037 21 Aug 37-202 28 Aug 2101883951 04 Sept 418015166 11 Sept 8303311 18 Sept 6808600100014 25 Sept 918653751828029 Weekly Suction Trap Counts in Illinois

18. Implications of Darwin Core for Agricultural Data  Simple Darwin Core  Most agricultural data fit rows/columns  Fields used only once  No minimum/ maximum data  Will include samples with 0 to multiple observations for a taxon  Simple Darwin Core  Most agricultural data fit rows/columns  Fields used only once  No minimum/ maximum data  Will include samples with 0 to multiple observations for a taxon  Challenges  Human observations (not preserved) thus not given an identifier  Asked to think about data in unaccustomed ways  Asked to document items usually noted once in a field notebook  Challenges  Human observations (not preserved) thus not given an identifier  Asked to think about data in unaccustomed ways  Asked to document items usually noted once in a field notebook

19. Example of SimpleDarwinRecord  Easier to use Excel spreadsheet or create a database template to export to Excel

20. Challenges  Mixture of observations & vouchered specimens  Results buried in literature  Little or no metadata for raw data  Scientists have little incentive to go to extra trouble to share  Mixture of observations & vouchered specimens  Results buried in literature  Little or no metadata for raw data  Scientists have little incentive to go to extra trouble to share

21. Conclusions  If we want to incorporate agricultural datasets into our biodiversity assessments, we will need to work with these scientists to make it easy to provide their data in a format that is fit for use by the biodiversity community. Biocontrol in action! Aphis nerii being eaten by a syrphid fly larva. Photo courtesy Alex Wild

22. How do we do this?  Jim Case provided in talk earlier today,  Bring groups together  Provide introductory guides (documents)  Provide links to resources  Registry system  Discussion forums bring users together  And engage the cooperation of journals to provide a home for data with its metadata  Jim Case provided in talk earlier today,  Bring groups together  Provide introductory guides (documents)  Provide links to resources  Registry system  Discussion forums bring users together  And engage the cooperation of journals to provide a home for data with its metadata

23. Acknowledgments  Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources  Illinois Natural History Survey  Illinois State Water Survey  University of Illinois  North Central Regional IPM  National Science Foundation  Hatch ILLU-370  Global Biodiversity Information Facility  Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG)  Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources  Illinois Natural History Survey  Illinois State Water Survey  University of Illinois  North Central Regional IPM  National Science Foundation  Hatch ILLU-370  Global Biodiversity Information Facility  Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG)