2. 1.Status of urban air pollution 2.Impacts of urban air pollution 3.Steps to be taken to control urban air pollution STATUS OF AIR QUALITY IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN

3. Main causes: Rapid urbanisation Growing energy needs Uncontrolled Industrial growth Increase in Traffic Indiscriminate Refuse Burning Major Factors Causing Air Pollution Major Factors Causing Air Pollution

4. The 15 Largest cities in the world, 1996, 2015

5. INTRODUCTION : POPULATION12 MILLION KARACHI POPULATION TO 30% TOTAL URBAN POPULATION TOWNS18 UNION COUNCILS 178 CANTONMENT BOARDS 06 POPULATION 05% P/A POPULATION IN KARACHI

6. REGISTERED VEHICLES 14,63,691 (UPTO 31-03-2003 CARS 45.3% MOTOR CYCLES 37.0% AUTO RICKSHAWS 2.8% TAXIS 3.8% BUSES & MINI-BUSES 1.6% TRUCKS 1.7% OTHERS 7.5% TRACTORS 0.3% VEHICLE GROWTH 10% PERANNUM ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000 1089 NONFATAL 531 FATAL 558 VEHICLE CENSUS IN KARACHI Source: Transport and communication, CDGK

8. Transportation and Urban Environment  Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution  Major share of CO, VOC, SO 2 and NOx pollution is coming from Urban Transportation  Ambient air quality falling below air quality standards  Growing as one of the major GHG contributors  Alarming trends of vehicular growth in Karachi

9. Exhaust Emission of Pakistani Cars, US-EPA & European Emission Standards for Cars for the year 2000 (g/Km) Carbon MonoxideHydrocarbonsNitrogen Oxides Emission Standards for Both Gasoline & Diesel Vehicles US EPA2.130.250.62 European2.300.200.15 Pakistani Cars as under: Honda Civic (Gasoline) 2.300.200.15 Honda City (Gasoline) 2.300.200.15 Toyota Corolla 2 D (Diesel) 1.20.40.5

10. ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR (Excluding fuels consumed in thermal power generation

11. Type of Vehicles %age comp. * Total Vehicles Average Run/day Units #Particulate Kg /Unit# SO2 Kg/Unit # NOx Kg/Unit# CO Kg/Unit# Light duty (Cars) 39.640510828 km1000 km 374390736298453728 Motorcycles/ Scooters 31.932633710 km1000 km 6526522955483 Light duty Rickshaws 17.1174933100 km1000 km 5773139955979699732 Heavy duty Diesel Powered Bus/Trucks 9.395139100 km1000 km 713614271199792120826 Other (Light duty diesel power etc.) Total 2.121483 10,23,000 50 km1000 km 48441910631182 Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion Sources in Karachi (2000)

13. Hourly average wind at Karachi Airport for the months of January, 2003 METEOROLOGY THE AREA

14. Hourly average wind at Karachi Airport for the months of April, 2003

15. SUPARCO’S 20 YEARS IN ENVIRONMENT AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDY. 1.Karachi(1984-2004) 2.Rawalpindi-Islamabad (1996, 2004) 3.Lahore (1995, 2004) 4. Peshawar (2003-2004) 5. Quetta (2003-2004) 6.Northern Areas (2001) 7.Multan (2003) oENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS oEIAs OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS oCLOUD AND FOG CHEMISTRY IN NORTH AND NORTH EASTERN PART OF PAKISTAN

16. CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN UNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECT CONDUCT OF BASELINE (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) STUDY IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN UNDP/ENERCON FERTS PROJECT  To establish year long record of concentration levels and behavior of ambient air pollutants along with metrological data and traffic count in six major cities with temporal and spatial parameters. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

19. A view of a Cement Plant in Karachi

20. As the countries become motorized, vehicles will contribute increasingly to urban air pollution. Vehicle emissions, including highly damaging emissions of lead and of fine particulate matter, are often among the main contributors to air pollution (World Bank technical paper No. 508). Views of Roads of Karachi

21. Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)  Increases in hospitalization for lung and heart problems  Increases in days of restricted activity in adults  An increase in absenteeism in school children. Mortality and other chronic effects associated with long-term exposure to low concentrations of PM (starting at about 10 µg/m³). Source: World Health Organization, European Center for Environment & Health

23. Smog and reduced visibility in the atmosphere of Karachi due to air pollution Vehicle emissions, together with stationary and natural sources, are important in the formation of ground level ozone, which causes health damage as well as damage to vegetation and crops.

31. Karachi: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Peshawar: 1st Cycle: (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Lahore: 1 st Cycle (Postmonsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Quetta: 1st Cycle: (Summer) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Rawalpindi: 1st Cycle: (monsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring) Islamabad:1st Cycle: (monsoon) 2nd Cycle: (Winter) 3rd Cycle: (Spring)

32. Concentration of Trace Constituent in Aerosol Samples at Different sites at Karachi Site Conc. SPARCENT Max 2000 2003 SITE KHI Max 2000 2003 F.B. Area Max 2000 2003 Garden Road Max 2000 2003 West wharf Max 2000 2003 Elender Rd. Max 2000 2003 Pb 0.75 4.4612.3 4.2315.2 3.715.63 4.3115.71 4.616.25 3.1 Ni --0.28 0.310.85 0.930.44 0.481.12 0.230.52 0.57 Mn 0.15 0.163.8 4.20.9 0.990.7 0.1 0.7 0771.1 1.21 Co 0.1 0.120.61 0.671.39 1.531.1 0.291.14 1.251.57 1.73 Zn 3.77 4.153.54 3.8912.98 14.31.0 0.120.91 18.0 14.2 Cr 0.08 0.091.67 1.841.66 1.83.04 0.732.86 3.152.36 2.59

33. KARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAP

34. IMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTION IMPACTS OF URBAN AIR POLUTION Economic and Health Impacts Health Impacts Increased Mortality and Morbidity 2-5% of all deaths in developing countries due to exposure to particulates Acute respiratory Infection (ARI) Reduced IQ in children Economic Impacts Increased health costs Loss of crops and property Decline in tourist revenue

35. Transboundary Impacts Haze & smog Acid deposition – acid rain Climate change – green-house gases Ozone depletion – ecosystem damage

36. Measures To Be Taken...  Gasoline lead phase out program  Diesel sulphur phase out program  Control on the entry of older & polluting vehicles in to urban areas  Conversion of vehicles to CNG buses  Improved road network by means of a network of flyovers  Implementation of Public Transport System

37. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION REGULATORY MEASURES Standards and Regulatory Authorities Enforcement of NEQS Public Awareness and Judicial Action Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA’s)

38. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION Tax Incentives for Cleaner Fuel Use Taxes Based on Pollution Load Taxes for Using Leaded Gasoline Subsidies

39. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS/ CLEANER PRODUCTION ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS Energy Efficient Industrial Processes Fuel-efficient Stoves Energy Efficient Appliances and Lighting Electrostatic Precipitators in Power Plants & Cement Plants Cleaner Alternative Fuels Unleaded and low sulphur motor fuels Compressed natural gas ( CNG)

40. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION Catalytic Converters for Vehicles Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind Power, Photovoltaic

41. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION  Adopt suitable best practices from other cities  Identify and reduce air pollution loads  Encourage public transport use  Make cleaner fuel use mandatory - stop leaded gasoline and high sulphur diesel  Encourage Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind Power, Photovoltaic  Enforce regulations stringently

42. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION PREVENTIVE  Obtain political commitment (macro policy)  Draft and adopt suitable regulations and standards  Identify and adopt appropriate technologies  Promote environmental education and public awareness  Invite stakeholder participation in pollution reduction activities  Seek consensus on actions

43. STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION STEPS TO BE TAKEN TO CONTROL URBAN AIR POLLUTION PREVENTIVE  Promote pro-active land-use planning  Explore least cost solutions - undertake economic analysis of options  Reduce open burning  Reduce dust on roads

44. Winter Fog Study

45. Identify the CAUSES of Fog Identify the CAUSES of Fog Investigate the Chemical Composition Investigate the Chemical Composition of Fog Environmental Impacts Assessment of Dense Fog Dense Fog OBJECTIVES

46. Fig 1(c): Winter Fog as observed by NOAA-15 Satellite at 0812 Hrs, 30 th Dec. 1999.

47. SATELLITE IMAGES OF FOG INCREASING DEGREE OF FOG DENSITY SUPARCO NOAA15,28122000 0834PST

48. A blanket of fog over parts of Pakistan on November 27, 2004, created poor visibility and led to several traffic-related deaths

49. 2000 MEAN VISIBILITY DURING DECEMBER 1997-2000 OVER DEHLI AND LAHORE 1998 1997 M I L E S DECEMBER LAHORE DEHLI 1999

50. Mean visibility of Lahore & Islamabad

51. SO4 2- NO 3- Se x 10 3 As x 10 3 Sb x 10 3 Jan. 1999 Concentrations in ug/m 3 of SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, Se, As, and Sb in 12 hour samples at Lahore, Pakistan. 123456 10 40 70 100 35 20 50 6 10 14 5 15 25 0 20 40 60 Sb x 10 3

52. As x 10 3 NO 3 - SO 4 -2 Se x 10 3 SO 4 -2 /Se December 1999 - January 2000 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10 Concentrations in ug/m 3 of SO 4 – 2, NO 3 -, Se and SO 4 - 2 /Se ratios in aerosol samples at Lahore, Pakistan. Fog Clear

53. Excessively high sulphate (SO4-2) concentrations varying from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 concentrations were observed during the fog. Excessively high sulphate (SO4-2) concentrations varying from 49.8 to 141 ug/m3 and NO3 from 3 to 74.5 ug/m3 concentrations were observed during the fog. Measured atmospheric SO 4 -2 /Se ratios and wind data suggest that the sources of SO 4 -2 in Lahore were located several hundred kms away to the south. Since India ranks fourth among the countries in coal consumption, the SO 2 emissions and sulphate (SO 4 ) aerosols from coal combustion in India results in the formation of this fog. Pollutant are emitted by combustion of fossil fuels in industries and especially in thermal power plants located in northeastern India. Other sources of these pollutants include refuse burning, open dump burning, vehicular automobiles and aircrafts. CONCLUSION