1. Renewables Future and Technologies Prof. Gady Golan SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

2. Fossil Fuels Usage SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

3. Fossil Fuels- Greenhouse Effect Percentage of global Annual CO 2 Emissions in thousands if metric tons Country 100%28,431,741World 21.5%6,103,493China 20.2%5,752,289United states 13.8%3,914,359European Union 0.3%70,440Israel Burning fossil fuels releases CO 2 that was previously in the atmosphere (it does not create carbon) SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

4. Greenhouse Effect SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

5. Hubbert Peak (1956) * Named after the late Geophysicist Dr. M. King Hubbert *The Hubbert peak theory is based on the observation that the amount of oil under the ground in any region is finite, therefore the rate of discovery which initially increases quickly must reach a maximum and decline. SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

6. Proven world natural gas reserves (2004),179.5 trillion m3 ; Reserve to Production Ratio in 2004 ~ 67 years. Production of natural gas has been rising at an average rate of 2.5% over the past 4 years. At 2.5% increase - proven reserves will finish in less than 40 years. Natural Gas SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

7. Consumption Even based on a low estimate of 2% average annual growth - the primary energy demand would Double by 2040 ; Triple by 2060 ; SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

8. Main Renewable Energy Sources – Hydro Energy – Wind Energy – Solar Energy – Biomass Energy – Tidal Energy – Geothermal Energy – Wave Energy – Bio-fuel It will probably have to provide about 50% of the energy by 2050 ; SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

9. The Future Due to Renewables Distributed generation- requires different management ; Different concepts such as: Microgrids, DC bus, local and general controls ; Improved PV devices ; Improved electronics for PV and wind turbines ; Storage - renewables are not fixed and unstable ; SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

10. DG-Microgrid concept SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

11. Why domestic DC Bus Most electrical appliances require DC current- Computer, TV, Heating, lighting even air- conditioners can work on DC- namely extra inversion, lower efficiency ; Washing machines, dryers, refrigerators etc. consume only 30-50% of the total energy ; Photovoltaic Energy is naturally DC- double inversion (DC-AC-DC)- even lower efficiency ; SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

12. Combined DC and AC powered House SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

13. Block Diagram of basic system THE SYSEM GRIDGRID RENEWABLE SOURCES AND OTHER POWER SIURCES SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

14. DC Microgrids SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

15. The Smart grid Control Scheme Local domestic energy management control Grid control SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

16. Field application Energy management control SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

17. Storage Will help stabilizing the contribution of renewable energy ; As in PV storage prices will drop ; A breakthrough is a necessity for Electric cars as well as power systems ; Technologies: – Mechanical storage ; – Electrical storage ; – Thermal storage ; SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012

18. Summery Conventional Energy will support us for many more years ; Renewables will penetrate more and more ; Technologies will improve ; New concepts must be considered ; Stability, security and reliable supply must be maintained ; SEEEI2012 EILAT 14-17 Nov. 2012