1. The Rosetta Mission

2. Comets preserve the earliest material of the solar nebula and potentially carry the complex organic molecules necessary for life. Comets Halley’s comet

3. Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko The comet ~ 4 km in diameter and is travelling at 135,000- km/hr

4. Philae Lander Comets are composed of rock, dust, ice and frozen gases such as CO 2, CO, CH 44 and NH 3. plus complex organic molecules.

5. Philae Lander Landing Sites Agilkia

6. Philae Lander Images of the comet taken about 3 Km from the surface

7. Images of the Philae Landing Site Agilkia Philae landing site 40 m above surface

8. First image from Agilkia The first image from the surface. View of a clff or side of a very deep hole

9. Energy Consumption and Consequences

10. The Politics of Oil World oil reserves in 2003

11. Global Distribution of Oil

12. The Oil Age

13. 190019201940 1960 198020002200 Oil discovery and consumption Peak Oil Production

14. World Natural Gas Production

15. World Natural Gas Producers

16. Natural Gas Production and Fracking

17. Fracking and the US

18. Impact of Fracking on US Natural Gas Production

19. Fracking Risks

20. The Fracking Backlash

21. Peak Natural Gas Production

22. What are Oil and Gas? Octane Natural Gas Liquid hydrocarbons Benzene

23. The formation of Oil

24. The Oil Window

25. Oil migration and entrapment Oil traps

26. The origin of coal

27. The formation of coal

28. Phanerozoic Ice Ages and CO 2 Four ice ages in the last 540 million years. Neoproterozoic (850- 630 Ma) Snowball Earth Current CO2 levels relatively low in the context of Earth history

29. Temperature on Planet Earth

30. Milankovitch Cycles and the Quaternary Ice Age Current Ice Age started at 2.6 Ma Earth has been in an interglacial for 11,000 years

31. Global Warming - Current Models

32. Causes of Current Global Warming CO 2, Solar Activity or Both?

33. Other Sources of Energy

34. Estimated world energy reserves A world dominated by Nuclear Energy? 1 Quad = 1 quadrillion BTU 1 BTU = 252 calories

35. Nuclear Energy Chain reaction Neutron collides with U 235 forming krypton and barium and releasing more neutrons + vast amounts of energy

36. Formation of Unconformity-type Uranium Deposits 2U 6+ + + 2H 2 O + C = 2U 4+ + 2H + + CO 2 U 4+ + O 2 = UO 2 (Uraninite)

37. Tidal and hydroelectrical energy

38. Geothermal Energy

39. Geothermal Home Heating Heat Pump

40. Energy Sources