1. APES
ENERGY
Video**Bill Nye – Energy

2. ENERGY = THE ABILITY TO DO WORK https://www. youtube. com/watch
POWER = WORK / TIME
Units for Power = watt or kilowatt
Horsepower = for automobiles 1 horsepower = 746 watts
Btu = British Thermal Unit (used in the U.S.)
is the amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 pound of water by 1° F.
1 watt = 3.4 Btu/ hr

3. Energy units Kilowatt = 1000 or 10 3 watts
Megawatt = 1,000,000 or watts
kWh (kilowatt hour) is used for billing
EX. Heater uses 1 kWh
60 watt lightbulb for 1 hour uses .06 kWh
60 watt lightbulb for 1000 hours uses 60 kWh
Measuring electricityhttps://

4. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
1ST LAW = (also called “law of conservation of energy”
ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED
2ND LAW = WHEN ENERGY IS CONVERTED TO ANOTHER FORM –
A LESS USEFUL FORM RESULTS
EX. Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted
80 % is lost as heat

5. ELECTRICITY
Video Energy 101: electricity generationhttps://

6. ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE
Wood (1776)
*Industrial
Revolution
Coal (1850)
Petroleum(1860)
Natural Gas (1880)
Hydroelectric (1890)
Nuclear (1960)
Other Renewables
(1965)

7. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN UNITED STATES1 2 3 4 3 4 1 2

8. ENERGY SOURCES NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN
NOT BE REPLENESHED
EX. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil, natural gas)
NUCLEAR ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES = SOURCES THAT CAN BE
REPLENESHED
EX. SOLAR, BIOMASS, GEOTHERMAL
HYDROPOWER, WIND

9. COAL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okTQyWAdauc
Produced by decomposition of ancient organic matter (over 280 million years) under high pressure
Sulfur is trapped in coal from decomposition of Hydrogen sulfide
3 types of Coal
1. Lignite (softest, lowest heat content)
2. Bituminous (soft, high sulfur content)
3. Anthracite (hard, high heat content, low sulfur content)
Peat = pre-coal (low heat content)

10. COAL EXTRACTION 2 METHODS OF MINING COAL 1. SURFACE STRIP MINING
(underground coal mining)
(strip mining)
2 METHODS OF MINING COAL
1. SURFACE STRIP MINING
2. UNDERGROUND MINING
Must go through preparation process:
-removing foreign material
-screening for size
-crushing
-washing to remove contaminants

11. COAL CONSUMPTION *U.S. consumes the most
*87% of coal is for electricity (largest source used for electricity)
*estimated to last about 300 years at current extraction

12. COAL POWER PLANT
(coal power plant)

13. COAL (PROS & CONS) PROS CONS -more abundant than other fossil fuels
-high net energy yield
-stable
-not harmful if spilled
-land disruption (erosion)
-disrupts wildlife habitat
-coal burning produces fly ash and sludge
-expensive to transport & clean
-causes pollution
-causes global warming
Coal documentary

14. OIL
-produced by decomposition of deeply buried ocean plants and animals under high temperature and pressure after millions of years
-products of oil are called petrochemical (paints, medicines, plastics)
-found in varying depths of Earth’s crust
-can be trapped in a layer of porous sandstone between nonporous rock like limestone or trapped at a fault

15. OIL EXTRACTION
-oil is released by drilling a well and puncturing the limestone layer
-it flows from the well because it is under pressure (will be pumped out when pressure is diminished)
-after oil is collected, it goes to a Refinery where it is cracked ( cracking involves separating the components by their boiling points)
-Refined crude oil produces gasoline, diesel, asphalt

17. OIL CONSUMPTION -about 50 – 70% of crude oil reserve is already gone
-estimated 50 year supply left
-most of oil reserve is in Middle East
-U.S. owns 3% of world’s oil reserve
-U.S. uses 30% of extracted oil / year
-2/3 of oil used in U.S. is for transportation
-1/4 of oil used in U.S. is for industry
-Oil imports in U.S. have declined due to improved energy efficiency

19. OIL (PROS & CONS) PROS CONS -inexpensive
-Easily transported with pipeline network
-high net energy yield
-versatile (produces paints, medicine, plastics etc.)
Oil reserves limited
Produces pollution (SO2, NO, CO2)
Releases wastewater & brine (salty water)
Disrupts land surface (erosion)
Disrupts wildlife habitat
Oil spills (land & ocean)

20. NATURAL GAS Methane or CH4 from dense shale rock
Methane is a greenhouse gas, is highly flammable and odorless
By decomposition of ancient organic matter under high temperature and high pressure
Associated with oil deposits (floats above oil)
Can be liquefied (LNG – liquid natural gas)

21. NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION/HYDROFRACKING https://www. youtube. com/watch
-flows from wells (under pressure) due to hydrofracking
-HYDROFRACKING = HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
1. chemicals are mixed with large quantities of water
2. these chemicals are injected into wells at high pressure to
create fractures in the rock
3. this allows natural gas (and oil) to escape and flow out of well
*PROS= short process, well can be in production for 20 to 40 years
*CONS= toxic, radioactive, liquid waste pose storage/disposal issues
(can contaminate water supply), impacts flora (plants) and
fauna (animals)

22. 20.9%
13.6%
4.6%
4.2%
3.7%
2.9%
2.7%
2.4%
2.3%
2.2%
40.6%

23. NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION
-most natural gas reserves are in the Middle East
-Russia and Kazakstan together have 40%

24. NATURAL GAS (PROS & CONS)
Pipeline network (LNG can be transported by rail & ship)
Inexpensive
World reserves will last 125 years
High net energy yield
Produces less pollution than other fossil fuels
-H2S AND SO2 are released during processing
-LNG processing is expensive and dangerous
-disrupts land area
-releases contaminated waste water and brine

25. NUCLEAR ENERGY -can result from Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
-Nuclear Fission= when an atom splits into 2 or more smaller nuclei
*when controlled, heat produced will form the steam needed
to turn a turbine and generate electricity
-common nuclear fuels used are isotopes of Uranium like:
U-235, U-238, Pu-239
-(half-life years)U-235 is 700 million , U-238 is 4.5 billion , Pu is 24,000
-U-238 will decay into Pu-239

26. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 4 different nuclear reactor types
1. light-water reactor (uses normal water)
2. heavy-water reactor (uses deuterium oxide water)
3. graphite-moderated reactor (uses graphite)
4. exotic reactors (experimental material)
ALL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING:
CORE= contains fuel rods with fuels like U-235
CONTROL RODS= move in and out of core to absorb neutrons
and slow down reaction
Moderator= uses a medium such as water or graphite to reduce
velocity of fast neutrons
COOLANT= removes heat and produces the steam

27. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

28. NUCLEAR ENERGY – PROS & CONS
-amount of potential energy is 10 million times more than fossil fuels
-1/6 of CO2 emission (little air pollution)
-little land disruption
CONS
-nuclear waste is highly radioactive for thousands of years
-low net energy yield due to mining & processing uranium, building & operating the plant,
Storage & disposal of waste
-safety/malfunction issues

29. ENERGY CONSERVATION EPA= Environmental Protection Agency
NRC=Nuclear Regulatory Commission
DOE=Department of Energy
Energy Star= develops programs to save
energy and avoid greenhouse gases
CAFE=(Corporate Average Fuel Economy)
are standards for fuel economies
which follow EPA guidelines
Standards include:
*better engine design
*weight reduction
*streamlining
*hybrid technology