1. Code: 716
Evaluation of the Benefits of Implementation of Water Sensitive Urban Design Initiatives in Putraja City of Malaysia
Authors:
MohammadHossein Kashefizadeh*, Mohammad Ali Ghorbani, Farzan Mohajeri, Syamak Mahmoudi *:
Telephone:

2. Introduction
Ministry of natural resources and environment of Malaysia asserted that flood damages have accrued approximately 915 billion ringgits annually.
main causes of floods: Malaysia's geographical location, Inadequate or insufficient drainage systems.
Poor or inadequate drainage systems, especially surface drainages are labelled as the most significant factor.

3. Environmental impacts of urban water systems
Description
Urban water relation
Carcinogens
Damaging human health
Heavy metals in effluents
Climate change
Temperature variation, sea level changes
Waste water emissions ( Greenhouse Gas)
Eco toxicity
Eco toxic substances damage air, water and soil
Eco toxics exist in wastewater
Minerals and fossil fuels
Gradual depletion of minerals
Water treatment requires consumption of minerals
Respiratory organics
Pollutants cause respiratory disease
Water treatment substances include respiratory organics
Table 1. Environmental impacts of urban water systems

4. Background of water management policies in Malaysia
Despite an intelligent vision toward water management policy, enhancement is slow due to lack of a neither comprehensive guidelines nor practical samples for this purpose (Eighth Malaysian Plan).
Within Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Malaysian plans, the Government focused on improving the quality, coverage and reliability of water supply systems and water infrastructures.
Eighth Malaysian devoted almost RM4 billion for flood mitigation and water surface control projects.
Tenth Malaysian plan asserts the need for imitating the successful experience of other countries such as Australia and Singapore in water management practices.

5. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
Sustainable development (SD); a pattern of economic growth to meet human needs without compromising the future needs by preserving the environment.
Tony H F Wong, (2007): The words ‘water sensitive’ define a new paradigm in integrated urban water cycle management that combined the various disciplines of engineering and environmental sciences associated with the provision of water services, including the protection of aquatic environments in urban areas. WSUD integrates the social and physical sciences.
Inter-government agreement on a National Water Initiative: WSUD is “the integration of urban planning with the management, protection and conservation of the urban water cycle to ensures that urban water management is sensitive to natural hydrological and ecological processes”.

6. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
WSUD is centred on integration at a number of levels:
The integrated management of the three urban water streams of potable water, wastewater and Stormwater,
The integration of the scale of urban water management from individual allotments and buildings, to precincts and regions,
The integration of sustainable urban water management into the built form, incorporating building architecture, landscape architecture and public art,
The integration of structural and non-structural sustainable urban water management initiatives.

7. Differences between elements of conventional and sustainable water management
Category
Conventional
Sustainable
Water supply
Scheme water in standard fashion and groundwater bores for POS
Supplemented by community groundwater schemes as a secondary supply for all outdoor use in households and for POS
Water Conservation
Neither interior nor exterior water conservation devices
Application of low water use applications and technologies
POS
Design dominated by high water use plants
Design based on WSUD techniques
Sewerage
Standard reticulation systems
Full recovery of water used in POS rather than direct linkage to main
Stormwater
Large sums and piped systems
Application of WSUD and BMP concepts

8. Relationships of SD, WSUD and the urban water cycle

9. Major best practice criteria in regard of Stormwater management

10. Critical issues of BMP towards water sensitive city
Description
Flow control
Provides the basis for all Stormwater management schemes. The three flow control issues to consider are flood management, and for more frequently occurring runoff events, flow attenuation and runoff volume reduction.
Oriented roads
Orientate roads to run diagonally across the contour to achieve a grade of 4% or less to help incorporate BMPs into the streetscape
Cluster lot arrangements
Promote cluster lot arrangements around public open space to allow greater community access to, and regard for associated natural and landscaped water features forming the local Stormwater management scheme
vegetation along waterways
Maintain and/or re-establish vegetation along waterways, and establish public open spaces down drainage lines to promote them as multi-use corridors linking public and private areas and community activity nodes.
Gross pollutants removal
Once gross pollutants and coarse sediments are removed, other pollutant removal mechanisms involving biological and chemical processes can be effectively applied.

11. Proposed Frameworks of Stormwater Management Worldwide

12. Integrated Urban Water Cycle Concept
Australia urban water cycle
Stormwater management framework for the City of Oslo ( G. Venkatesh, Helge Bratteb, 2011)

13. Water framework for Stormwater management in Singapore.
Strategy towards achieving the goal of Water sensitive city (Brown, R., Keath, N. & Wong, T.2009)

14. Stormwater management initiatives
Constructed wetland initiative: a transitional area between land and water systems which is either permanently or periodically inundated with shallow water.
Bioretention systems: infiltration of Stormwater through a prescribed soil media.

15. Stormwater management initiatives
Detention basin initiative: a Stormwater management facility installed on or adjacent to rivers, streams and lakes or bays to protect against flooding.
Reparian park initiative: postpones the likelihood of occurrence of flood via a meandering river-like path

16. Stormwater management initiatives
Gross Pollutant Traps (GPT): applied in order to filtrate the Stormwater for the pollutants
Schematic of the rainwater and grey water systems in the healthy home

17. Result of application of WSUD initiatives
Implementation of WSUD subsequently leads to a water sensitive city, where Tony Wong, and Rebekah Brown (2000) asserted that a water sensitive city will be characterised by three key attributes:
access to a diversity of water sources underpinned by a diversity of centralised and decentralised infrastructure;
provision of ecosystem services for the built and natural environment; and
A socio-political capital for sustainability.

18. Result of application of WSUD initiatives in greenhouse gas emission in Melbourne

19. Case Study
City of Putrajaya located at about 25km south of Kuala Lumpur and is predicted to accommodate a population of 330,000.
The centre-piece of the city is an artificial lake surrounded by 20 planning precincts.
Key requirement of the project is to develop a strategy for Stormwater management in harmony with the environmental and town planning concept of creating an intelligent city in a garden.

20. Philosophy of the Stormwater management strategy
Avoiding pollution whenever possible through source control measures,
Controlling and minimizing pollution by means of in-transit and end-of-pipe control methods where pollutant generation cannot be feasibly avoided,
Managing the impacts of Stormwater pollution by managing receiving waters and their appropriate utilization as a last resort. (Angkasa, 1999).

21. Stormwater management strategy of Putrajaya

22. Result of the analysis of the Putrajaya Stormwater management system
Objective
Description
Priority
Achievement
Flood prevention
Secure health and safety of people 1
Absolute
Secure safety of asset 2
Ecology and water recreation
Surface water pollution reduction 3
Satisfactory
Canals and ponds
Rivers
Water management
Reduction of cost of operation 4
Sedimentation reduction in sewers 5

23. References
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City of Melbourne, WSUD guidelines, Book, 2008
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24. References
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