1. CHAPTER 4:
Visible Light
and Other Electromagnetic Radiation

2. BLACKBODY RADIATION
A heated iron poker will begin to glow emitting photons. This is different from a burning process because no chemical change is involved. The amount and wavelength of the radiation changes with temperature.
As the object heats up, it gets brighter, emitting more photons of all colors (wavelengths).
The brightest color (most intense wavelength) of the radiation changes with temperature.
WHEN FIRST HEATED THE POKER GLOWS DIMMLY AND IS RED
AS THE TEMPERATURE RISES, THE POKER BECOMES BRIGHTER AND GLOWS ORANGE
AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES THE POKER BECOMES EVEN BRIGHTER AND GLOWS YELLOW

3. Blackbodies
As an object heats up, it gets brighter, emitting more electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths
The brightest color (most intense wavelength) changes with temperature

4. Blackbody Curve shows
the radiation emitted by a
blackbody
Only depends on temp so the
temp of a star can be determined
The peak wavelength is inversely
proportional to its temperature

5. Stellar surfaces emit light that is close to an ideal blackbody
Stellar surfaces emit light that is close to an ideal blackbody. We can estimate the surface temperature of a star by examining the intensity of emitted light across a wide range of wavelengths.
From space, (as this diagram shows) the Sun’s spectrum peaks in the blue-green wavelengths. The Sun appears yellow to us because our atmosphere scatters the shorter wavelength blue light.

7. Wein's Law Stephan-Boltzman Law
Hotter the object the shorter the max wavelength
Used to determine a star’s temp.
Temp = x 107 KA / max wavelength(A)
Energy = σT4
σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4

8. Photon Energy Planck’s Law E = hc / wavelength
h = 6.67 x J s (Planck’s Constant)
c = 300,000 km/s (speed of light)

9. A spectroscope is used to examine the wavelengths of light emitted from a source
When a chemical is burned, the light produced is made of only specific wavelengths.
Different chemical elements have their own series of wavelengths.

10. KIRCHOFF’S RULES - #1
A hot, opaque solid, liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum. It has no lines in it.

11. Kirchoff’s Rules - # 2
A hot transparent gas emits light whose spectrum shows bright lines. These lines are called emission lines.
Each element has a unique arrangement of bright lines

12. Kirchoff’s Rules - # 3
If the light from a luminous source passes through a cooler gas, the gas may extract certain specific energies from the continuous spectrum. We then see dark lines where the energy has been removed. These dark lines are called absorption lines.

14. are the same lines emitted
The lines absorbed by
a gas from a
continuous spectrum
are the same lines emitted
by the gas
when energy is
put into it

16. The combination of lines from a stellar spectrum allow us to determine which chemicals are present and in what quantities.
For example, by matching the spectrum of iron to the absorption lines from the Sun, we see that there is iron present in the Sun’s atmosphere.

17. A grating spectrograph separates light from a telescope into different colors by passing it through a grating of tiny parallel grooves.
Peacock feathers are natural gratings.

18. THE SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN GAS
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM
Signature wavelengths appear as dark lines on an otherwise continuous rainbow.
Lines appear as dips in the intensity versus wavelength graph.
EMISSION SPECTRUM
Signature wavelengths appear as bright lines on an otherwise black background.
Lines appear as peaks in the intensity versus wavelength graph.

19. The electrons in an atom can only exist in certain allowed orbits with specific energies. The lines seen from the chemicals are made when an electron moves from one energy level to another.
When an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher one, a photon is absorbed. When an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy one, a photon is emitted. The energy of the photon, and thus its wavelength, are determined by the energy difference between the two energy levels.

20. Emitted photons sent out in all directions will cause the gas surrounding a star to glow different colors, depending on which gases are abundant.
HYDROGEN RICH CLOUDS GLOW RED.
OXYGEN RICH CLOUDS GLOW GREEN.

21. Radial Velocity
The proper motion of a star is its motion perpendicular to our line of sight across the celestial sphere. This is so small that it can only be measured for the closest stars.
The radial velocity of a star is its motion along our line of sight either toward or away from us. Using the spectrum, we can measure this for nearly every object in space.

22. Recall that the wavelength of light, and therefore the wavelength of the photons that light contains, is slightly shifted when the source is traveling toward or away from the observer—the Doppler Effect.
Stars moving toward us show spectral lines that are shifted to blue.
Stars moving away from us show spectral lines that are shifted to red.
The amount of the shift increases with the radial speed.
The Balmer series lines from the spectrum of the star Vega are all shifted toward the blue side by the same amount. From this we determine that Vega is moving toward us (blueshift) with a speed of 14km/s (determined from the amount of the shift).

23. We can examine the proper motion of nearby stars over long periods of time.
This picture is made from three overlapping photographs taken over a four-year period.
The three dots in a row are Barnard’s Star seen moving over the four-year period.