1. A man said to the universe: “Sir I exist!”
“However,” replied the universe,
“The fact has not created in me
A sense of obligation.”
—Stephen Crane 1899

2. What exactly is naturalism?
Naturalism is a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.
Humans respond to the natural world much like animals
Humans are portrayed as victims of destiny or fate

3. Major Characteristics
Characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings.
The forces that govern human lives & actions could be studied and understood—no longer some mystery.
Humans were governed by their own instincts & passions, as well as the forces of heredity & environment (Huck Finn acts that way b/c he was born that way, etc.)
Often a very pessimistic view on life—if actions are already determined, why fight to change them?
Characters in naturalistic books are ruled by the forces of heredity, instinct, and passion—NOT free will or choice!
Free will often appears as an illusion—you may think that you are acting on your own accord, but ha, ha, you are really just REACTING to outside/inside factors!

4. Naturalism in Literature?
Character driven stories focused primarily on class differences
Stories are a reflection of a particular region and its culture.
Plot- stories of darkness, violence, despair, and discrimination.
Story often takes place in an urban setting.
Techniques- irony as a means for teaching people valuable lessons

5. What are the major themes of Naturalism?
Survival
Determinism
Nature as an indifferent force acting in human lives
Man vs. nature or man vs. himself
Violence
Taboo
Passion
Forces of heredity and environment as they affect the individual