1. Chapter Summary Section 1: Migrating to the West
A series of trails were established along which thousands of settlers traveled west. The Oregon and Santa Fe Trails were popular routes. The Mormons followed Brigham Young to Utah in All of the trails included dangers and difficulties.

2. Terms and People Section 1: Migrating to the West
Junipero Serra – Franciscan priest who set up a series of missions along the California coast
expansionist – American who favored territorial growth
Manifest Destiny – belief that God wanted the United States to own all of North America
Santa Fe Trail – wagon trail trade route between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico

3. Terms and People (continued)
Section 1: Migrating to the West
Terms and People (continued)
Mountain Men – American hunters and trappers who blazed trails into the Rockies in the early 1800s
Oregon Trail – trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon that was used by pioneers in the mid-1800s
Brigham Young – Mormon leader who brought his religious group to Utah in 1847
Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1851 treaty that restricted the Plains Indians to territories away from the overland wagon routes

4. Section 1: Migrating to the West
What were the causes of westward migration?
By the 1840s, American migrants were crossing into Oregon and California seeking economic opportunity.
Soon, these and other western lands became part of the United States, helping the nation grow in both wealth and power.

5. Chapter Summary Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War
Texas gained independence from Mexico and was annexed by the U.S. A dispute over the southern border of Texas led to war with Mexico, which resulted in the forced sale of a large territory to the United States.

6. Terms and People Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War
Stephen Austin – leader of American emigrants who settled in Austin, Texas
Antonio López de Santa Anna – charismatic general who seized power of Mexico in 1834
autonomy – independent control over one’s affairs
Lone Star Republic – new nation created by Texans in 1835
Alamo – Texas garrison where Santa Anna executed all the defenders following battle in 1836

7. Terms and People (continued)
Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War
Terms and People (continued)
Sam Houston – Texas army commander, President, territorial governor, and later senator
James K. Polk – Southern Democrat and expansionist elected President in 1844
Zachary Taylor – general who led troops at the borderland between Mexico and the U.S. in 1846
Winfield Scott – general who invaded Mexico winning at Vera Cruz in 1847

8. Section 2: Texas and the Mexican–American War
How did the revolution in Texas lead to war with Mexico?
American expansionists sought new territory in the South and West, making conflict with Mexico seem inevitable.
The flashpoint for conflict became Texas. The resulting war vastly increased the size of the United States.

9. Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion
Chapter Summary
Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion
As a result of the Gold Rush, thousands flocked to California. Overnight, San Francisco grew into a city. California soon sought admission into the Union, raising the issue of the spread of slavery into the new territories. 9

10. Terms and People Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement formally ending the Mexican–American War, included the sale of Mexican territory to the U.S.
Gadsden Purchase – 1853 sale of Mexican territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S.
Wilmot Proviso – proposed law that would have banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico
California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold seekers into California in 1848 and 1849

11. Terms and People (continued)
Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion
Terms and People (continued)
forty-niners – those attracted to California by the Gold Rush in 1849
placer mining – use of metal pans, picks, and shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers
hydraulic mining – use of jets of water that erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold

12. Section 3: The Effects of Territorial Expansion
What were the effects of the Mexican–American War and the California Gold Rush?
The quick victory in the Mexican–American War and gold in California fed into the expansionists goals of Manifest Destiny.
The war also highlighted growing differences between the North and South and set the stage for future conflict.

13. Cause and Effect Many Americans accept the idea of Manifest Destiny.
Abundance of fertile land attracts people.
Gold is discovered in California.
Government initiates Indian removal treaties.
Britain and US divide Oregon Territory.
US annexes Texas.
Victory in war with Mexico leads to acquisition of southwestern territories.
US makes Gadsden Purchase, the last part of the continental US.

15. Hip Hop History Manifest Destiny (1800–1850)
Verse:
Migrating out west they’d leave, expansionists would lead
Using the term Manifest Destiny
In New Mexico trade and sale
Took place on the Santa Fe Trail
To Texas, Americans crossed in
This group of emigrants was led by Stephen F. Austin
Texans rebelled against the Mexican government
And became a new nation called the Lone Star Republic
Santa Anna attacked near San Antonio
A fortified former mission called the Alamo
After Mexico “shed American blood upon the American soil”
The U.S. swept to victory with a two-year toil
The nation had new territories to call home
Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The California Gold Rush attracted miners
They went by the nickname forty-niners
Chorus:
Expansion, America’s expanded
Moving out west, west to new lands and
Along with the good, many problems were handed
America from the Pacific to Atlantic