1. International Student Mobility Policy in China, Japan and Malaysia Kay Thomas, Ph.D. University of Minnesota Yiyun Jie, Ph.D. Candidate University of Minnesota Yuki Watabe, Ph.D. Candidate University of Minnesota Hiroko Akiba, Ph.D. Hitotsubashi University

2. Presentation Agenda Introduction: Trend of Student Mobility Case of China Case of Japan Case of Malaysia

3. Market Share of Int’l Students Data Source: UNESCO The total number of international mobile students 1999: 1,825,200 2007: 2,800,500 %

4. Student Mobility in China, Japan and Malaysia 20002007Increase Rate China 52,150 195,50373.3% Japan64,011118,49050.0% Malaysia18,76747,92860.8% 20002005Increase Ratio China38,989133,80070.9% Japan76,49780,0234.4% Malaysia42,780(2002)56,60924.4% Inbound Mobility Outbound Mobility Data source: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan and Japan Student Service Organization (JASSO); Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia; Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

5. Top 5 Sending Countries/Region to China, Japan and Malaysia (2007) China JapanMalaysia 1. Korea 6,448 (33.0%) 1. China71,277 (60.2%)1. Indonesia8,454 (17.6%) 2. Japan 18,640 (9.5) 2. Korea17,274 (14.6)2. China6,468 (13.5) 3. U.S.14,758 (7.5)3. Taiwan4,686 (4.0)3. Iran3,678 (7.7) 4.Vietnam9,702 (5.0)4. Vietnam2,582 (2.2)4. Nigeria 2,884 (6.0) 5. Thailand7,306 (3.7)5. Malaysia2,146 (1.8)5. Bangladesh2,506 (5.2) 7. U.S.1,805 (1.5) U.S. 89 (0.2) Total 195,503 Total118,498Total47,928 ( )=Ratio of int’l student in each country to its total int’l students Data Source: JASSO; Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia; Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

6. Top 5 Destinations for Students from China, Japan and Malaysia China (2004)Japan (2005)Malaysia (2005) 1America36,704U.S. 38,712Australia15,909 2Europe30,969China18,872U.K. and Ireland 15,189 3Asia28,675U.K. 6,179U.S. 6,411 4Oceania16,058Australia 3,380Egypt 6,256 5Africa574Germany 2,470Indonesia4,565 Total114,700Total80,023Total54,915 Data Source: MEXT; Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia; Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

7. Theme for Student Mobility Policy in three countries 1. How has the policy on student mobility evolved? 2. What initiatives are currently being discussed and implemented in order to increase student mobility? 3. What possible social and economic factors have impacted policy trends?

8. Case of China Yiyun Jie, Ph.D. Candidate University of Minnesota E-mail: jiexx008@umn.edu

9. Development of Chinese Higher Education Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook 19972008Increase Rate No. of Higher Education Institutions 1020190847% No. of Enrolled Student3,351,00027,000,00088% Gross Enrollment Rate9.1(%)23(%)N/A

10. Historical Development of Chinese Government Policy on Outbound Student Mobility 1978-1986 Starting Period 1986-1991 Exploring Period 1992-2000 Rapid Development Period 2001-present Post-WTO Period Guiding Principle: Outbound Increase the scale Focus on the important area; Advanced students and scholars Encourage study abroad; Support returning; Unimpeded leaving and returning Encourage study abroad; Support returning; Unimpeded leaving and returning Encourage diverse ways to serve the nation

11. Chinese Government Policy on Outbound Student Mobility Self-funded study abroad Scale: Majority group Procedure: Simplified process Government: Guide and Support (relational investment for later return) Gov. Funded study abroad Area of study: areas that are considered of strategic importance and cutting-edge technologies Targeted group: Advanced research scholars and graduate students Returnees Attitude/value towards returnees: attract more & provide support Preferential policies Diverse ways

12. Historical Development of Chinese Government Policy on Inbound Student Mobility 1950-1977 Pre-open-door Period 1978-1989 Exploring Period 1990-2000 Further Development Period 2001-present Post-WTO Period Guiding Principle: Inbound Foreign Relations Strategies International Contribution Steady increase of the scope Systematic reform (improve the administration and services) Ensure the quality Widen the development scope Increase No. of advanced- level international students Ensure the quality Improve the administration and service

13. Chinese Government Policy on Inbound Students Mobility International Student in China Decision-making: Government and institution Approaches: More market-oriented approach (recruitment effort) Administration and Services: Gradually build up a holistic administration and service system for international student (information management system and training for the service staff member) Areas of study: diverse areas of study Quality of international student in China: degree seeking and advanced level student Policies and documentation: legislation and increased public transparency

14. Trend of Student Mobility in China (2000-2008): Outbound, Inbound, and Returnees Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

15. Trends of Student Mobility in China: Outbound Student by Funding Sources Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

16. Trends of Student Mobility in China: Inbound Student by Funding Source Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

17. Trends of Student Mobility in China: Inbound Student by Continent Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook