1. Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Chapter 5

2. Mingling of Races 1775 ▫2.5 million people  ½ African American ▫Doubling numbers every 25 yrs. ▫English Advantage = 3 to 1  Shift in balance of power ▫Most populous colonies  Virginia, Mass, Penn, N.C., Maryland ▫4 big cities  Philadelphia, N.Y., Boston, Charleston

3. Cont. Germans ▫6% ▫150,000 by 1775 ▫Pennsylvania  Protestant sect / Lutheran  Pennsylvania Dutch  1/3 of colony  No deep loyalty to crown

4. Cont. Scots-Irish ▫7 % ▫175,000 by 1775 ▫Not prosperous in Northern Ireland  Fighting with Irish Catholics ▫Pennsylvania ▫Land taken – pushed to frontier ▫First settler of the West  Squatters ▫Rickety settlements  Floorless, flimsy log cabins ▫Exhausted soil = moved on ▫Pugnacious, lawless, individualistic ▫Whisky

5. Cont. African Americans ▫Largest, single, non-English group ▫20% by 1775 ▫Concentrated in South  90% of the slaves

6. Cont. New England colonies ▫Puritans ▫Least ethnic diversity Middle colonies ▫Variety of peoples ▫White immigrants 1775 ▫½ population non English “Strange mixture of Blood”

7. Society Structure Equal opportunity Small farmers ▫Modest holdings Cities ▫Skilled artisans / shopkeepers / trades people Social ladder = open Paupers and Convicts ▫“Jayle Birds”

8. Jobs Christian Ministry = honored profession Physicians ▫Poorly trained ▫Bleeding ▫Epidemics  Inoculation = 1721 Lawyers ▫Noisy windbags

9. Trade Agriculture = leading industry ▫90% ▫Staple crops ▫Wheat  Chesapeake  N.Y. = 1759  80,000 barrels of flour Fishing ▫New England ▫Whaling Lumber ▫Shipbuilding ▫Most important manufacturing activity ▫Masts = King

10. Triangular Trade Route

11. Horsepower / Sailpower Roads were horrible ▫Death sentence Used rivers and waterways Taverns ▫Sam Adams Intercolonial Postal System

12. Denominations Church of England ▫Anglicans ▫Georgia, N.C, S.C, Virginia, Maryland, and part of N.Y. ▫College of William and Mary 1693 = train clerics Congregational Church ▫ Grown out of Puritan Church ▫All New England colonies  Except R.I. Roman Catholics = discriminated against Tolerance??

13. Great Awakening 1730’s – 1740’s ▫Religious Revival ▫“Dead Dogs” ▫Arminianism  Individual free will determined person’s eternal fate Jonathan Edwards ▫Salvation through good works = folly George Whitefield ▫New style of preaching = great orator

14. Schools Bible Reading ▫Make good Christians rather than good citizens Education = Boys Cambridge = New England ▫Puritanism ▫Preparing for ministry Wealthy families = tutors Discipline severe ▫“Birched”

15. Politics 1775 ▫8 colonies  Royal Governors ▫Maryland, Penn, and Delaware  Proprietors ▫Conn, R.I.  Self-governing 2 house legislative body ▫Upper house = crown ▫Lower house = elected by people

16. Cont. Used sneaky ways to control authorities South ▫County government New England ▫Town meetings Middle ▫Modification of the two Colonies not true democracy ▫Far more democratic than England

17. Culture Enthralled to Europeans taste Poor Richard’s Almanack ▫“Honesty is the best Policy” ▫“Penny saved is a penny earned” Science ▫Benjamin Franklin Printing Press = Zenger Trial ▫Pamphlets ▫News papers ▫Few libraries

18. Folkways Ate better = meat Churches not heated ▫Inefficient fireplaces No running water Pleasure combined with work ▫Barn raisings Stage Plays Lotteries North = Winter sports South = Card playing, horse racing etc. Thanksgiving Christmas