1. Chapter 4 Cancer

2. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Terms  Tumors or Neoplasms: Swelling or new growth. Can be benign or malignant.  Benign: Noncancerous and usually localized.  Malignant: Cancer, rapidly dividing cells that accumulate uncontrollably, invade normal tissue can metastasize or generate tumors at distant sites.

3. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Etiology of Cancer  Endogenous: Genetic  Age  Sex  Race  Heredity  Hormones  Immunity

4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Etiology of Cancer (cont)  Environmental: Geographic/Occupational  Tobacco/Alcohol  Industrial Chemicals  Radiation  Diet  Chronic Infections  Medicines

5. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers  Lung  Cough  Blood in sputum  Painful breathing/Shortness of breath  Loss of appetite  Breast  Lumps in breast tissue  Tenderness  skin irritation  Nipple changes/discharge/ulceration

6. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5  Stomach  Mild pain in upper abdomen  Fatigue  Loss of appetite  Colorectal  Blood in stool  Changes in bowel habits  Polyps (some are benign, some cancerous) Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6  Liver  Abdominal pain  Weight Loss  Fatigue  Abdominal Swelling  Loss of appetite  Jaundice Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers

8. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7  Female Reproductive Tract  Types: Cervical, Uterine, Ovarian  Signs and symptoms: Pelvic pain Pelvic pain Irregular bleeding (too much or too little) Irregular bleeding (too much or too little) GI/Urinary difficulties: Constipation/Bloating GI/Urinary difficulties: Constipation/Bloating  Male Reproductive Tract  Types: Prostate, Testicular  Signs and symptoms: Pain, Swelling, Difficulty urinating, Bloody urine. Pain, Swelling, Difficulty urinating, Bloody urine. Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers

9. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8  Esophageal/Laryngeal  Difficulty swallowing  Pain  Weight loss  Voice hoarseness  Bladder  Blood in the urine  Increased urination Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers

10. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9  Head and Neck  Neck pain, swelling  Bleeding  Difficulty: swallowing, chewing, talking  Lymphoma  Hodgkins or Non-Hodgkins  Painful swelling of lymph nodes  Fatigue  fever, indigestion  Night sweats Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers

11. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10  Leukemia  Fatigue  Weight loss  Paleness  Repeated infections  Fever  Bruising easily  Nosebleeds and other hemorrhages Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers

12. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11  Pancreatic  Weight loss  Nausea  Diarrhea  Weakness  Jaundice  Upper abdominal pain Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers

13. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers  Melanoma  Small growths on the skin Increase in size Increase in size Change in color Change in color  Thyroid  Thyroid nodules  Hoarseness  Dyspepsia  Dysphagia  Fatigue

14. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Signs and Symptoms of Various Cancers  Kidney  Blood in the urine  Flank pain  Palpable mass  Nervous System  Depend on location  Paralysis  Personality changes  Speech difficulties