1. The Post-Nicene Era 325-590 AD

2. Arianism and Orthodoxy Constantine – New Capital – Mediator – Evangelist – Sacral State Constantine’s Sons Julian “The Apostate” (360-363) Theodosius I, The Great (378-395)

3. First genuinely orthodox emperor, established Christianity as state religion Presses Roman Senate to affirm Christ Outlaws: attendance at pagan temples, pagan sacrifices, idol worship, etc Encourages destruction of pagan temples – gives property to churches Large numbers of pagans convert to Christianity

4. Division of the Roman Empire

5. Make Up of Church Radically Altered – By end of Theodosius’ reign, Christianity and the Roman state are inseparable Constantine’s reign – 10-20% of population Christian One century later – as much as 90% identify as Christian Church inundated with rapid flood of mass “converts” – Churches unable, unprepared, unwilling to exercise discipline – Three Responses to Spiritual Degeneration Separation Universalism Secularization

6. Canonization Solidifies Formal Christian Education Develops – Catechetical classes – Cathedral Schools (or Episcopal Schools) Ritualism Increases – festivals, holy days and places, fetishism, relics, vestments Holy Living Declines Christian Architecture and Art Develop – artisans supported by state, icons developed in Eastern church, church buildings Clerical Celibacy in West Creeds and Councils Formalize Belief

7. Gregory the Illuminator – Armenia Frumentius (ca. 300-380) – Ethiopia (Coptic Christianity) British Isles Ulfilas (ca. 335- ca. 400) – Goths and Visigoths Martin of Tours (ca. 335 – ca. 400) to south Gaul Gregory of Tours – Franks of Gaul Patrick (ca. 389-461) – Ireland

8. When Giants Walked the Land Jerome Augustine ●Hippo Rome ● ● Milan Ambrose John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nyssa Athanasius ● Alexandria Gregory of Nazianzus Martin of Tours

9.  Eusebius (ca. 260-ca. 339)  Athanasius (296-373)  Cappadocian Fathers Successors of Athanasius Basil of Caesarea (Basil the Great; 330-379) Gregory of Nyssa (ca. 335-395) Gregory of Nazianzus (ca. 329-390)  John of Antioch (Chrysostom) (347-407)

10. “Martin Luther of the 4 th C” Influence – Champion of the deity and humanity of Christ and deity of Holy Spirit against Arianism – Apologetics – Life of St Anthony Pastoral Ministry – Service over Politics – Theological Orientation – Self-Discipline and Austerity – Perseverance and Courage

11. John Chrysostom

12. Chrysostom 347-407 AD

13.  Upbringing and Education  Antioch  Constantinople  Quintessential Preacher  Defender of Nicene Orthodoxy  Prophet of Morality in Word and Deed  Martyrdom

14. When Giants Walked the Land Jerome Augustine ●Hippo Rome ● ● Milan Ambrose John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nyssa Athanasius ● Alexandria Gregory of Nazianzus Martin of Tours

15.  Ambrose (ca. 339-397)  Jerome (347-420)  Augustine (354-430)

16.  Highly educated and gifted  Entrance into Ministry  Strong Defender of Nicene Orthodoxy  Gifted Leader and Administrator of Church Affairs  Church over State  Hymnody  Ministry to Augustine

17. Jerome

18. Education in Italy Hermit in Syria Establishes Monastery in Bethlehem Prolific Linguist and Author – Masters Greek and Hebrew – Biographer – Exegetical Commentator – Influences every theological battle of his day including Arianism Translates Latin Vulgate Theological Weaknesses

20.  Highly Influential in Church and Western History  Upbringing  Devotee to Manichaeism  Sojourn in Milan and Conversion to Christianity  Bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa)  Labored Against Manichees, Donatists, Pagans, Pelagius  Prolific Author on Christian Doctrine  Theological Legacy

21. Council of Ephesus (431) Council of Chalcedon (451) – Against Arius, Jesus was fully divine: “truly God … perfect in Godhead … begotten of the Father before the ages” – Against Apollinarius, Jesus was fully human: “truly man … perfect in manhood” and born of the Virgin Mary – Against Nestorius, Jesus was one person, not two. The deity and humanity are: “not parted or divided into two persons” but Christ is “one person and one being” – Against Eutyches, Jesus’ humanity was not blurred with his deity, but both natures of Christ remained distinct

22.  Concerning Jesus deity and humanity: “The difference of the natures is in no wise taken away by reason of the union, but rather the properties of each are preserved … [Christ is] made known in two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation.”

23.  Council of Ephesus (431)  Council of Chalcedon (451)  Fall of Roman Empire (476) Irremediable Societal Decay Convulsive Internal Political Upheaval Military Meltdown