1. 1 Two multilateral organisations dealing with trade: More differences than similarities Two multilateral organisations dealing with trade: UNCTAD and WTO More differences than similarities Manuela Tortora Chief, Technical Cooperation UNCTAD

2. 2 THE DIFFERENCES LIE ON: originsThe origins of both organisations mandatesTheir mandates The institutional functioning Their thinking on trade and development

3. 3 THE ORIGINS The GATT and the WTO Keynes’ ideas on post-war international economic governance (avoid economic conflicts) The Bretton Woods agreements (1944) 19471947: the ITO, the Havana Charter and the GATT (light links with the UN) GATT Rounds of trade negotiations until the Uruguay Round (1986-94) 1995: WTO is established outside the UN system UNCTAD: 1964  Decolonisation  North-South and East-West tensions  Non-Aligned Movement Group of 77  “Trade not aid”: link between trade and development (Prebisch thinking)  1st UNCTAD Ministerial Conference meets in Geneva; Permanent UNCTAD secretariat established in Geneva

4. 4 THE FUNCTIONING WTO No links with the UN machinery Permanent governmental bodies that monitor the implementation of the trade rules Negotiating governmental bodies The Secretariat provides neutral technical support to the negotiations Accession has to be negotiated Limited role of non-governmental stakeholders UNCTAD UNCTAD intergovernmental machinery (Ministerial Conferences and Trade and Development Board) linked to UN General Assembly and ECOSOC UNCTAD secretariat part of the UN Secretariat (part of same budget) UNCTAD secretariat devoted to development No normative role, no negotiations of binding rules, only political role UN membership (192 countries) Strong participation of non- governmental stakeholders

5. 5 THE MANDATE UNCTAD: Integrated treatment of trade, investment and related issues= wide mandate Research on a range of trade and development issues Consensus-building through debates and exchange of experiences among 192 member States on all UNCTAD issues Technical cooperation on all the topics of UNCTAD work (policy and legal advice, training, institution building, support to negotiations) WTO Rules-based organisation, sets binding multilateral trade law through negotiations (“legislative” role) Dispute settlement mechanism with mandatory decisions, can apply sanctions (“judicial” role) narrow mandate based on existing trade rulesWork confined to the existing trade agreements and to the scope of the negotiations = narrow mandate based on existing trade rules

6. 6 THE IDEAS ON DEVELOPMENT WTO Main goal is not development per se, but to avoid commercial disputes Same trade rules and reciprocity apply to all, but… …Special and differential treatment is introduced with various intensities The “Doha Development Agenda” introduced in 2001 Trade liberalisation and implementation of trade rules leads to development UNCTAD Trade is one of the main instruments leading to development… …but no automatic links between trade liberalisation, poverty reduction, and development The links between trade and development are multidimensional Special and differential treatment is key No “one size-fits-all” development models

7. 7 UNCTAD’s INTEGRATED VISION OF TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT and THE SCOPE OF ITS WORK: INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS SUPPLY-SIDE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY POLICIES TRADE SUPPORT SERVICES POLICIES TRADE POLICY AND NEGOTIATION

8. 8 SOME UNCTAD IDEAS SOME UNCTAD IDEAS Special and differential treatment and recognition of different levels of development (including trade preferences) Identify the development content and impact of trade negotiations Need for a development-friendly coherence between the international financial and trading systems Development impact of bilateral and regional trade and investment agreements Enhance endogenous capacities and homegrown development policies Links between investment, science and technology, ICTs and trade flows Role of commodities in international trade Development-friendly structure of the GATS LDCs’ terms of WTO accession Need for debt reduction and debt sustainability Role of competition law and policies in development processes Traditional work on trade facilitation and related issues Research on non-trade barriers

9. 9 THANK YOU ! www.unctad.org