1. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE BORDERS?
Border Changes In the Middle East Because of World War I
By: Emily Kenward Period 9

2. How it All Began
Ottoman Empire collapsed at the end of World War I after six hundred years
The empire was divided into Turkey and a number of smaller countries
Ottoman Empire called for a military jihad against Great Britain and France in November 1914
Ottoman Empire’s WWI allies: Germany and Austria-Hungry
Ottoman Empire’s WWI enemies: Britain, France, Russia, and the United States
British and French wanted to control Middle East oil
Ottoman (left) and British (right) flags

3. Background Information
Ottoman/Turkish Empire had 600,000 troops divided into 38 divisions
Weren’t a serious threat to Europe until they became allies with Germany
London took action and sent forces to protect the Anglo- Persian oil pipeline at the beginning of WWI
The pipeline was very important to the British
The title of “winner” kept going back and forth between the two sides as the war dragged on
Ottoman/Turkish troops (top) and European troops (left)

4. The Conflict Continues
The British and French tried to capture Constantinople but failed
British, French, Australian and New Zealand forces attacked Gallipoli, Turkey in April 1915
The Ottoman army stopped them and forced the allies to abandon their position in December 1915
205,000 British solders and 47,000 French solders were killed, wounded, or sick
Ottoman Empire had the upper hand during the early part of the war
Soldier mourning a fallen comrade
Battle map of the battle in Gallipoli, Turkey

5. defeating the Ottomans
Ottoman’s failed to capture Gaza
British and French had advantages over the Ottoman’s in manpower, artillery, airpower, and self-esteem
Germany began to crumble from within
Arabs assisted the British and French by attacking Ottoman/Turkish positions
British and French captured 75,000 Turkish prisoners while advancing hundreds of miles across the Middle East
British troops charging at the enemy (left) Ottoman Empire (top)

6. 4 Years Later... World War One lasted from 1914-1918
Final European armies pushed towards the German border on October 17, 1918
British, French, and American armies advanced causing the alliance between the Central Powers (Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austria-Hungry Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria) to collapse
Turkey signed an armistice at the end of October
Austria-Hungry followed on November 3
Peace Treaty was signed in 1919
American newspapers reporting on the end of the war

7. The Aftermath
War ended with British armies in the territory now known as Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon
Ottoman Empire was destroyed
Russia was paralyzed by foreign interference and civil war
Britain had so much military success that it became the leading power in the broken Middle East
The two sides set up a peace conference
Britain and France were ordered by the League of Nations to create new states and make leaders for each place
World War I winner’s medal

8. Changing the Middle East
Iraq
Issues of conflict for the Iraqi people: history, religion, and geography
Britain grouped Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul together to create the new Iraq
Old Government= self run by kings and dictators
New government= Britain made one of the ally leaders king
He later was overthrown by the Iraqi people who brought Saddam Hussein to power (U.S overthrew him in 2003)
Now= without leader they are close to having a civil war

9. Changing the Middle East
Israel
Britain had an agreement with the Jews to give them their own country
Because the Ottomans were defeated the Jews had a greater chance of getting their own land
Arab leaders opposed to creating a Jewish homeland
1947: United Nations gave the Jews a sliver of land in between the Jordan river and Mediterranean sea
1967 Six Day War: Israel won and gained control of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Jerusalem

10. Changing the Middle East
Kuwait
Under the Ottomans as a district of Basra
Gained independence in 1961
Saddam Hussein invaded in 1990
Syria
Protectorate (a state that is under temporary control by a bigger place) of France
Protected Christian enclaves (a special portion of a territory reserved for a group of people) that the Ottoman Empire set-up

11. Changing the Middle East
Lebanon
Gained independence in 1943
Was involved in a 15 year civil war between the Muslims and Christians
Asked Syria to help control the chaos
Syrian troops came and helped
After the civil war was over they refused to leave until 2005
They left because people thought that the Syrians assassinated the former Lebanese Prime Minister

12. Effects on the Middle East
Political map of the Middle East
Geography
Changed the political geography of the region
Religion
British and French did not take into consideration the religion of each territory
Many conflicts started because of this
Violence triggered by some groups declaring military jihad (holy war) against Israel and Westerners
Natural Resources
British and French gained the natural resources they wanted (oil) when they took over the Middle East
World War I
Borders were changed because of WWI
Jewish, Christian, Buddhist, and Muslim religious symbols
A barrel of oil
A recruiting poster for the U.S. Army

13. What’s Going on Today?
Britain and France didn’t care about the cultural differences of the people while making the borders
All they cared about was staying in power as long as they could and where they could find the most oil to make money
Because of this, the Middle East has the most troubled borders in the world
Historians think that if the borders had never changed, there would be peace in the Middle East
Today in the news: different Middle Eastern countries are overthrowing their leaders because they have different views
Camel and his keeper in Dubai
Political cartoon of the conflicts between Israel and Palestine

14. References
"The Concept of Jihad in Islam." ReligiousTolerance.org by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 28 Mar Web. 1 Mar <
"Global Connections . Mapping the Middle East | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 4 Mar <
"Imperial History of the Middle East." Maps of War ::: Visual History of War, Religion, and Government. Maps of War. Web. 25 Feb <
Peters, Ralph. "Blood Borders - June Armed Forces Journal - Military Strategy, Global Defense Strategy." ARMED FORCES JOURNAL. Web. 22 Feb <

15. References Continued
Roberts, Sam. "How the Middle East Got That Way." Scholastic/Upfront. The New York Times. Web. 23 Feb Serpone, Fernando. "Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan Appear after World War I." Folha Online. 11 Nov Web. 25 Feb < html>. Shuster, Mike. "The Middle East and the West: WWI and Beyond : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. 20 Aug Web. 23 Feb < 0950>. Woodward, Professor David R. "BBC - History - World Wars: The Middle East during World War One." BBC - Homepage. BBC, 17 Feb Web. 22 Feb < st_01.shtml>.

16. The End